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UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2004
Preamble - (Purpose of the Principles)
Chapter 1 - General Provisions
Article 1.1 - Freedom of contract
Article 1.2 - No form required
Article 1.3 - Binding character of contract
Article 1.4 - Mandatory rules
Article 1.5 - Exclusion or modification by the parties
Article 1.6 - Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
Article 1.7 - Good faith and fair dealing
Article 1.8 - Inconsistent Behaviour
Article 1.9 - Usages and practices
Article 1.10 - Notice
Article 1.11 - Definitions
Article 1.12 - Computation of time set by parties
Chapter 2 - Formation and Authority of Agents
Section 1 - Formation
Article 2.1.1 - Manner of formation
Article 2.1.2 - Definition of offer
Article 2.1.3 - Withdrawal of offer
Article 2.1.4 - Revocation of offer
Article 2.1.5 - Rejection of offer
Article 2.1.6 - Mode of acceptance
Article 2.1.7 - Time of acceptance
Article 2.1.8 - Acceptance within a fixed period of time
Article 2.1.9 - Late acceptance. Delay in transmission
Article 2.1.10 - Withdrawal of acceptance
Article 2.1.11 - Modified acceptance
Article 2.1.12 - Writings in confirmation
Article 2.1.13 - Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form
Article 2.1.14 - Contract with terms deliberately left open
Article 2.1.15 - Negotiations in bad faith
Article 2.1.16 - Duty of confidentiality
Article 2.1.17 - Merger clauses
Article 2.1.18 - Modification in a particular form
Article 2.1.19 - Contracting under standard terms
Article 2.1.20 - Surprising terms
Article 2.1.21 - Conflict between standard terms and nonstandard terms
Article 2.1.22 - Battle of forms
Section 2 - Authority of Agents
Article 2.2.1 - Scope of the Section
Article 2.2.2 - Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
Article 2.2.3 - Agency disclosed
Article 2.2.4 - Agency undisclosed
Article 2.2.5 - Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
Article 2.2.6 - Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority
Article 2.2.7 - Conflict of interests
Article 2.2.8 - Subagency
Article 2.2.9 - Ratification
Article 2.2.10 - Termination of authority
Chapter 3 - Validity
Article 3.1 - Matters not covered
Article 3.2 - Validity of mere agreement
Article 3.3 - Initial impossibility
Article 3.4 - Definition of mistake
Article 3.5 - Relevant mistake
Article 3.6 - Error in expression or transmission
Article 3.7 - Remedies for nonperformance
Article 3.8 - Fraud
Article 3.9 - Threat
Article 3.10 - Gross disparity
Article 3.11 - Third persons
Article 3.12 - Confirmation
Article 3.13 - Loss of right to avoid
Article 3.14 - Notice of avoidance
Article 3.15 - Time limits
Article 3.16 - Partial avoidance
Article 3.17 - Retroactive effect of avoidance
Article 3.18 - Damages
Article 3.19 - Mandatory character of the provisions
Article 3.20 - Unilateral declarations
Chapter 4 - Interpretation
Article 4.1 - Intention of the parties
Article 4.2 - Interpretation of statements and other conduct
Article 4.3 - Relevant circumstances
Article 4.4 - Reference to contract or statement as a whole
Article 4.5 - All terms to be given effect
Article 4.6 - Contra proferentem rule
Article 4.7 - Linguistic discrepancies
Article 4.8 - Supplying an omitted term
Chapter 5 - Content and Third Party Rights
Section 1 - Content
Article 5.1.1 - Express and implied obligations
Article 5.1.2 - Implied obligations
Article 5.1.3 - Cooperation between the parties
Article 5.1.4 - Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts
Article 5.1.5 - Determination of kind of duty involved
Article 5.1.6 - Determination of quality of performance
Article 5.1.7 - Price determination
Article 5.1.8 - Contract for an indefinite period
Article 5.1.9 - Release by agreement
Section 2 - Third Party Rights
Article 5.2.1 - Contracts in favour of third parties
Article 5.2.2 - Third party identifiable
Article 5.2.3 - Exclusion and limitation clauses
Article 5.2.4 - Defences
Article 5.2.5 - Revocation
Article 5.2.6 - Renunciation
Chapter 6 - Performance
Section 1 - Performance in General
Article 6.1.1 - Time of performance
Article 6.1.2 - Performance at one time or in instalments
Article 6.1.3 - Partial performance
Article 6.1.4 - Order of performance
Article 6.1.5 - Earlier performance
Article 6.1.6 - Place of performance
Article 6.1.7 - Payment by cheque or other instrument
Article 6.1.8 - Payment by funds transfer
Article 6.1.9 - Currency of payment
Article 6.1.10 - Currency not expressed
Article 6.1.11 - Costs of performance
Article 6.1.12 - Imputation of payments
Article 6.1.13 - Imputation of nonmonetary obligations
Article 6.1.14 - Application for public permission
Article 6.1.15 - Procedure in applying for permission
Article 6.1.16 - Permission neither granted nor refused
Article 6.1.17 - Permission refused
Section 2 - Hardship
Article 6.2.1 - Contract to be observed
Article 6.2.2 - Definition of hardship
Article 6.2.3 - Effects of hardship
Chapter 7 - NonPerformance
Section 1 - NonPerformance in general
Article 7.1.1 - Nonperformance defined
Article 7.1.2 - Interference by the other party
Article 7.1.3 - Withholding performance
Article 7.1.4 - Cure by nonperforming party
Article 7.1.5 - Additional period for performance
Article 7.1.6 - Exemption clauses
Article 7.1.7 - Force majeure
Section 2 - Right to Performance
Article 7.2.1 - Performance of monetary obligation
Article 7.2.2 - Performance of nonmonetary obligation
Article 7.2.3 - Repair and replacement of defective performance
Article 7.2.4 - Judicial penalty
Article 7.2.5 - Change of remedy
Section 3 - Termination
Article 7.3.1 - Right to terminate the contract
Article 7.3.2 - Notice of termination
Article 7.3.3 - Anticipatory nonperformance
Article 7.3.4 - Adequate assurance of due performance
Article 7.3.5 - Effects of termination in general
Article 7.3.6 - Restitution
Section 4 - Damages
Article 7.4.1 - Right to damages
Article 7.4.2 - Full compensation
Article 7.4.3 - Certainty of harm
Article 7.4.4 - Foreseeability of harm
Article 7.4.5 - Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction
Article 7.4.6 - Proof of harm by current price
Article 7.4.7 - Harm due in part to aggrieved party
Article 7.4.8 - Mitigation of harm
Article 7.4.9 - Interest for failure to pay money
Article 7.4.10 - Interest on damages
Article 7.4.11 - Manner of monetary redress
Article 7.4.12 - Currency in which to assess damages
Article 7.4.13 - Agreed payment for nonperformance
Chapter 8 - SetOff
Article 8.1 - Conditions of setoff
Article 8.2 - Foreign currency setoff
Article 8.3 - Setoff by notice
Article 8.4 - Content of notice
Article 8.5 - Effect of setoff
Chapter 9 - Assignment of Rights, Transfer of Obligations, Assignment of Contracts
Section 1 - Assignment of Rights
Article 9.1.1 - Definitions
Article 9.1.2 - Exclusions
Article 9.1.3 - Assignability of nonmonetary rights
Article 9.1.4 - Partial assignment
Article 9.1.5 - Future rights
Article 9.1.6 - Rights assigned without individual specification
Article 9.1.7 - Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient
Article 9.1.8 - Obligor's additional costs
Article 9.1.9 - Nonassignment clauses
Article 9.1.10 - Notice to the obligor
Article 9.1.11 - Successive assignments
Article 9.1.12 - Adequate proof of assignment
Article 9.1.13 - Defences and rights of setoff
Article 9.1.14 - Rights related to the right assigned
Article 9.1.15 - Undertakings of the assignor
Section 2 - Transfer of Obligations
Article 9.2.1 - Modes of transfer
Article 9.2.2 - Exclusion
Article 9.2.3 - Requirement of obligee's consent to transfer
Article 9.2.4 - Advance consent of obligee
Article 9.2.5 - Discharge of original obligor
Article 9.2.6 - Third party performance
Article 9.2.7 - Defences and rights of setoff
Article 9.2.8 - Rights related to the obligation transferred
Section 3 - Assignment of Contracts
Article 9.3.1 - Definitions
Article 9.3.2 - Exclusion
Article 9.3.3 - Requirement of consent of the other party
Article 9.3.4 - Advance consent of the other party
Article 9.3.5 - Discharge of the assignor
Article 9.3.6 - Defences and rights of setoff
Article 9.3.7 - Rights transferred with the contract
Chapter 10 - Limitation Periods
Article 10.1 - Scope of the Chapter
Article 10.2 - Limitation periods
Article 10.3 - Modification of limitation periods by the parties
Article 10.4 - New limitation period by acknowledgement
Article 10.5 - Suspension by judicial proceedings
Article 10.6 - Suspension by arbitral proceedings
Article 10.7 - Alternative dispute resolution
Article 10.8 - Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity
Article 10.9 - The effects of expiration of limitation period
Article 10.10 - Right of setoff
Article 10.11 - Restitution
Endnotes
Endnotes
Metadata
SiSU Metadata, document information
Manifest
SiSU Manifest, alternative outputs etc.
Chapter 2 - Formation and Authority of Agents
Section 2 - Authority of Agents
(1) An act by an agent that acts without authority or exceeds its authority may be ratified by the principal. On ratification the act produces the same effects as if it had initially been carried out with authority.
(2) The third party may by notice to the principal specify a reasonable period of time for ratification. If the principal does not ratify within that period of time it can no longer do so.
(3) If, at the time of the agent's act, the third party neither knew nor ought to have known of the lack of authority, it may, at any time before ratification, by notice to the principal indicate its refusal to become bound by a ratification.
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