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UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2004
Preamble - (Purpose of the Principles)
Chapter 1 - General Provisions
Article 1.1 - Freedom of contract
Article 1.2 - No form required
Article 1.3 - Binding character of contract
Article 1.4 - Mandatory rules
Article 1.5 - Exclusion or modification by the parties
Article 1.6 - Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles
Article 1.7 - Good faith and fair dealing
Article 1.8 - Inconsistent Behaviour
Article 1.9 - Usages and practices
Article 1.10 - Notice
Article 1.11 - Definitions
Article 1.12 - Computation of time set by parties
Chapter 2 - Formation and Authority of Agents
Section 1 - Formation
Article 2.1.1 - Manner of formation
Article 2.1.2 - Definition of offer
Article 2.1.3 - Withdrawal of offer
Article 2.1.4 - Revocation of offer
Article 2.1.5 - Rejection of offer
Article 2.1.6 - Mode of acceptance
Article 2.1.7 - Time of acceptance
Article 2.1.8 - Acceptance within a fixed period of time
Article 2.1.9 - Late acceptance. Delay in transmission
Article 2.1.10 - Withdrawal of acceptance
Article 2.1.11 - Modified acceptance
Article 2.1.12 - Writings in confirmation
Article 2.1.13 - Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters or in a particular form
Article 2.1.14 - Contract with terms deliberately left open
Article 2.1.15 - Negotiations in bad faith
Article 2.1.16 - Duty of confidentiality
Article 2.1.17 - Merger clauses
Article 2.1.18 - Modification in a particular form
Article 2.1.19 - Contracting under standard terms
Article 2.1.20 - Surprising terms
Article 2.1.21 - Conflict between standard terms and nonstandard terms
Article 2.1.22 - Battle of forms
Section 2 - Authority of Agents
Article 2.2.1 - Scope of the Section
Article 2.2.2 - Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent
Article 2.2.3 - Agency disclosed
Article 2.2.4 - Agency undisclosed
Article 2.2.5 - Agent acting without or exceeding its authority
Article 2.2.6 - Liability of agent acting without or exceeding its authority
Article 2.2.7 - Conflict of interests
Article 2.2.8 - Subagency
Article 2.2.9 - Ratification
Article 2.2.10 - Termination of authority
Chapter 3 - Validity
Article 3.1 - Matters not covered
Article 3.2 - Validity of mere agreement
Article 3.3 - Initial impossibility
Article 3.4 - Definition of mistake
Article 3.5 - Relevant mistake
Article 3.6 - Error in expression or transmission
Article 3.7 - Remedies for nonperformance
Article 3.8 - Fraud
Article 3.9 - Threat
Article 3.10 - Gross disparity
Article 3.11 - Third persons
Article 3.12 - Confirmation
Article 3.13 - Loss of right to avoid
Article 3.14 - Notice of avoidance
Article 3.15 - Time limits
Article 3.16 - Partial avoidance
Article 3.17 - Retroactive effect of avoidance
Article 3.18 - Damages
Article 3.19 - Mandatory character of the provisions
Article 3.20 - Unilateral declarations
Chapter 4 - Interpretation
Article 4.1 - Intention of the parties
Article 4.2 - Interpretation of statements and other conduct
Article 4.3 - Relevant circumstances
Article 4.4 - Reference to contract or statement as a whole
Article 4.5 - All terms to be given effect
Article 4.6 - Contra proferentem rule
Article 4.7 - Linguistic discrepancies
Article 4.8 - Supplying an omitted term
Chapter 5 - Content and Third Party Rights
Section 1 - Content
Article 5.1.1 - Express and implied obligations
Article 5.1.2 - Implied obligations
Article 5.1.3 - Cooperation between the parties
Article 5.1.4 - Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts
Article 5.1.5 - Determination of kind of duty involved
Article 5.1.6 - Determination of quality of performance
Article 5.1.7 - Price determination
Article 5.1.8 - Contract for an indefinite period
Article 5.1.9 - Release by agreement
Section 2 - Third Party Rights
Article 5.2.1 - Contracts in favour of third parties
Article 5.2.2 - Third party identifiable
Article 5.2.3 - Exclusion and limitation clauses
Article 5.2.4 - Defences
Article 5.2.5 - Revocation
Article 5.2.6 - Renunciation
Chapter 6 - Performance
Section 1 - Performance in General
Article 6.1.1 - Time of performance
Article 6.1.2 - Performance at one time or in instalments
Article 6.1.3 - Partial performance
Article 6.1.4 - Order of performance
Article 6.1.5 - Earlier performance
Article 6.1.6 - Place of performance
Article 6.1.7 - Payment by cheque or other instrument
Article 6.1.8 - Payment by funds transfer
Article 6.1.9 - Currency of payment
Article 6.1.10 - Currency not expressed
Article 6.1.11 - Costs of performance
Article 6.1.12 - Imputation of payments
Article 6.1.13 - Imputation of nonmonetary obligations
Article 6.1.14 - Application for public permission
Article 6.1.15 - Procedure in applying for permission
Article 6.1.16 - Permission neither granted nor refused
Article 6.1.17 - Permission refused
Section 2 - Hardship
Article 6.2.1 - Contract to be observed
Article 6.2.2 - Definition of hardship
Article 6.2.3 - Effects of hardship
Chapter 7 - NonPerformance
Section 1 - NonPerformance in general
Article 7.1.1 - Nonperformance defined
Article 7.1.2 - Interference by the other party
Article 7.1.3 - Withholding performance
Article 7.1.4 - Cure by nonperforming party
Article 7.1.5 - Additional period for performance
Article 7.1.6 - Exemption clauses
Article 7.1.7 - Force majeure
Section 2 - Right to Performance
Article 7.2.1 - Performance of monetary obligation
Article 7.2.2 - Performance of nonmonetary obligation
Article 7.2.3 - Repair and replacement of defective performance
Article 7.2.4 - Judicial penalty
Article 7.2.5 - Change of remedy
Section 3 - Termination
Article 7.3.1 - Right to terminate the contract
Article 7.3.2 - Notice of termination
Article 7.3.3 - Anticipatory nonperformance
Article 7.3.4 - Adequate assurance of due performance
Article 7.3.5 - Effects of termination in general
Article 7.3.6 - Restitution
Section 4 - Damages
Article 7.4.1 - Right to damages
Article 7.4.2 - Full compensation
Article 7.4.3 - Certainty of harm
Article 7.4.4 - Foreseeability of harm
Article 7.4.5 - Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction
Article 7.4.6 - Proof of harm by current price
Article 7.4.7 - Harm due in part to aggrieved party
Article 7.4.8 - Mitigation of harm
Article 7.4.9 - Interest for failure to pay money
Article 7.4.10 - Interest on damages
Article 7.4.11 - Manner of monetary redress
Article 7.4.12 - Currency in which to assess damages
Article 7.4.13 - Agreed payment for nonperformance
Chapter 8 - SetOff
Article 8.1 - Conditions of setoff
Article 8.2 - Foreign currency setoff
Article 8.3 - Setoff by notice
Article 8.4 - Content of notice
Article 8.5 - Effect of setoff
Chapter 9 - Assignment of Rights, Transfer of Obligations, Assignment of Contracts
Section 1 - Assignment of Rights
Article 9.1.1 - Definitions
Article 9.1.2 - Exclusions
Article 9.1.3 - Assignability of nonmonetary rights
Article 9.1.4 - Partial assignment
Article 9.1.5 - Future rights
Article 9.1.6 - Rights assigned without individual specification
Article 9.1.7 - Agreement between assignor and assignee sufficient
Article 9.1.8 - Obligor's additional costs
Article 9.1.9 - Nonassignment clauses
Article 9.1.10 - Notice to the obligor
Article 9.1.11 - Successive assignments
Article 9.1.12 - Adequate proof of assignment
Article 9.1.13 - Defences and rights of setoff
Article 9.1.14 - Rights related to the right assigned
Article 9.1.15 - Undertakings of the assignor
Section 2 - Transfer of Obligations
Article 9.2.1 - Modes of transfer
Article 9.2.2 - Exclusion
Article 9.2.3 - Requirement of obligee's consent to transfer
Article 9.2.4 - Advance consent of obligee
Article 9.2.5 - Discharge of original obligor
Article 9.2.6 - Third party performance
Article 9.2.7 - Defences and rights of setoff
Article 9.2.8 - Rights related to the obligation transferred
Section 3 - Assignment of Contracts
Article 9.3.1 - Definitions
Article 9.3.2 - Exclusion
Article 9.3.3 - Requirement of consent of the other party
Article 9.3.4 - Advance consent of the other party
Article 9.3.5 - Discharge of the assignor
Article 9.3.6 - Defences and rights of setoff
Article 9.3.7 - Rights transferred with the contract
Chapter 10 - Limitation Periods
Article 10.1 - Scope of the Chapter
Article 10.2 - Limitation periods
Article 10.3 - Modification of limitation periods by the parties
Article 10.4 - New limitation period by acknowledgement
Article 10.5 - Suspension by judicial proceedings
Article 10.6 - Suspension by arbitral proceedings
Article 10.7 - Alternative dispute resolution
Article 10.8 - Suspension in case of force majeure, death or incapacity
Article 10.9 - The effects of expiration of limitation period
Article 10.10 - Right of setoff
Article 10.11 - Restitution
Endnotes
Endnotes
Metadata
SiSU Metadata, document information
Manifest
SiSU Manifest, alternative outputs etc.
Chapter 6 - Performance
Section 2 - Hardship
There is hardship where the occurrence of events fundamentally alters the equilibrium of the contract either because the cost of a party's performance has increased or because the value of the performance a party receives has diminished, and
(a) the events occur or become known to the disadvantaged party after the conclusion of the contract;
(b) the events could not reasonably have been taken into account by the disadvantaged party at the time of the conclusion of the contract;
(c) the events are beyond the control of the disadvantaged party; and
(d) the risk of the events was not assumed by the disadvantaged party.
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