Index

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, 

1984 (Orwell), 455,

60 Minutes, 440, 463,

A

ABC, 706-707,

AIDS medications, 1097-1112,

ASCAP, 81,

AT&T, 39,

Academic journals, 1118, 1181-1188,

Adobe eBook Reader, 622-624,

Advertising, 149, 189, 296, 525, 607-609, 720-724,

Africa, medications for HIV patients in, 1097-1112,

Agee, Michael, 944-946, 951,

Aibo robotic dog, 651-657, 665-666, 673, 684-685,

Air traffic, land ownership vs., 19-27,

Akerlof, George, 986,

Alben, Alex, 415-442, 442, 846-848, 1251,

Alcohol prohibition, 855-856,

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Caroll), 644-648,

All in the Family, 706, 710,

Allen, Paul, 415,

Amazon, 1170-1171,

American Association of Law Libraries, 984,

American Graphophone Company, 238,

Andromeda, 864,

Anello, Douglas, 257,

Animated cartoons, 89-104,

Antiretroviral drugs, 1097-1112,

Apple Corporation, 863-864, 1123, 1284,

Architecture, constraint effected through, 507, 510, 518-519,

Archive.org, 469,

see also Internet Archive, 469,

Archives, 750,

digital, 750,

Archives, digital, 452-481, 934, 961-965,

Aristotle, 632,

Armstrong, Edwin Howard, 27-41, 785, 836-838,

Arrow, Kenneth, 986,

Art, underground, 792,

Artists, 219, 249, 323, 416, 832, 840, 846, 1280,

recording industry payments to, 219, 249-252, 323, 832-833, 840-841, 846-848, 1280,

retrospective collections on, 416-437,

Asia, commercial piracy in, 271-274, 277, 280, 1285,

Ayer, Don, 977, 1007-1009, 1021, 1046, 1060,

B

BBC, 1152,

BMG, 696,

BMW, 816-817,

Bacon, Francis, 385,

Barish, Stephanie, 158-160, 163, 194,

Barlow, Joel, 45,

Barnes & Noble, 613,

Barry, Hank, 805, 816,

Beatles, 242,

Becket, Thomas, 381,

Bell, Alexander Graham, 27,

Berne Convention (1908), 1068,

Bernstein, Leonard, 313,

Betamax, 326-328,

Biomedical research, 1118,

Black, Jane, 307,

Blogs (Web-logs), 170-172, 176-186,

Boies, David, 442,

Boland, Lois, 1128-1138,

Bolling, Ruben, 1055-1057,

Bono, Mary, 899,

Bono, Sonny, 899,

Books, 312, 312, 312, 350, 474, 479, 558, 590, 599, 621, 1198, 1273,

English copyright law developed for, 350-390,

free on-line releases of, 312-316, 1198-1200,

on Internet, 599-606, 621-651,

out of print, 312-315, 474, 558, 1273,

resales of, 312-314, 558, 1273,

three types of uses of, 590-599,

total number of, 479,

Booksellers, English, 365-390,

Boswell, James, 374,

Bots, 453-454, 689,

Boyle, James, 535,

Braithwait, John, 1135,

Branagh, Kenneth, 351, 362,

Brandeis, Louis, 141,

Brazil, free culture in, 1152,

Breyer, Stephen, 996, 998, 1039-1040,

Brezhnev, Leonid, 526,

British Parliament, 353, 356-358, 367-371, 379-381, 390,

Broadcast flag, 824,

Bromberg, Dan, 977,

Brown, John Seely, 187-200, 524,

Browsing, 608, 613, 1167-1171,

Buchanan, James, 986,

Bunyan, John, 385,

Burdick, Quentin, 257,

C

CBS, 707,

CD-ROMs, film clips used in, 416-437,

CDs, 271, 277, 306, 307, 809, 865, 1229, 1284,

copyright marking of, 1229,

foreign piracy of, 271-274, 277,

mix technology and, 865-866,

preference data on, 809-811,

prices of, 307, 1284,

sales levels of, 306-309,

CNN, 183,

Cable television, 254-266, 324-325, 696, 698-700, 1285,

Camera technology, 133-139, 144-150, 525,

Camp Chaos, 444,

Carmera technology, 141-143,

Cars, MP3 sound systems in, 816-817,

Carson, Rachel, 533,

Cartoon films, 89-105,

Casablanca, 618-619,

Cassette recording, 302-303, 326, 332, 675, 829, 1264,

VCRs, 326-328, 332-335, 675-685, 829, 1264,

Causby, Thomas Lee, 21, 26, 41, 49, 59-60, 67, 1094,

Causby, Tinie, 21, 26, 41, 49, 59-60, 67, 1094,

Cell phones, music streamed over, 1269,

Chimeras, 763-770,

Christensen, Clayton M., 714,

Circumvention technologies, 666, 672-685,

Civil liberties, 872-883,

Coase, Ronald, 986,

Code (Lessig), 502,

CodePink Women for Peace, 1144,

Coe, Brian, 135, 137,

Comics, Japanese, 107-115, 115, 124,

Commerce, U.S. Department of, 522,

Commerce, interstate, 923-926, 1001,

Commercials, 149, 189, 525, 720-724,

Common law, 355, 371, 375-378, 382-385,

Composers, copyright protections of, 231-241, 323,

Compulsory license, 240-244,

Computer games, 152,

Conger, 352, 356, 365, 374-375,

Congress, 901,

constitutional powers of, 901-904,

Congress, U.S., 238, 265, 323, 324, 328, 332, 540, 552, 559, 824, 826, 840, 840, 898, 912, 920, 922, 923, 928, 967, 969, 988, 993, 995, 1001, 1001, 1012, 1028, 1245, 1249,

Supreme Court restraint on, 922-928, 928-931, 995,

challenge of CTEA legislation of, 969-1093,

constitutional powers of, 923-928, 988, 993-1001, 1012-1015, 1028-1030,

copyright terms extended by, 559-565, 898-921, 920-933, 967-969, 1001-1004,

in constitutional Progress Clause, 540-542, 1001,

lobbying of, 912-920,

on VCR technology, 328, 332-335,

on cable television, 265, 324-325,

on copyright laws, 238-242, 265, 323-326, 328-331, 332-336, 552-554, 559-565, 824, 826-831, 840, 1245-1246, 1249,

on derivative rights, 1245-1246, 1249,

on radio, 840,

on recording industry, 238-242, 323-324, 840,

Conrad, Paul, 675, 678, 684,

Constitution, U.S., 55, 495, 496, 528, 539, 544, 595, 724, 901, 921, 927, 929, 930, 967, 978, 983, 988, 992, 1001, 1043, 1044, 1044, 1047,

Commerce Clause of, 927, 988, 1044,

Fifth Amendment to, 496,

First Amendment to, 55, 528, 595, 724, 967, 978, 992, 1047,

Progress Clause of, 539-544, 901-903, 921, 927, 983, 1001, 1044,

Takings Clause of, 496-497,

copyright purpose established in, 539-545, 929, 930-931,

on creative property, 495-499, 539,

originalist interpretation of, 1043,

structural checks and balances of, 544,

Cookies, Internet, 1170,

Copyright, 103, 344, 353, 357, 365, 368, 377, 384, 515, 539, 539, 546, 551, 554, 563, 566, 570, 598, 610, 726, 733, 747, 749, 898, 899, 927, 929, 930, 931, 937, 1040, 1054, 1065, 1156, 1160, 1189, 1212, 1218, 1223, 1233, 1235, 1239, 1248, 1250, 1251, 1254,

Creative Commons licenses for material in, 1189-1205,

as narrow monopoly right, 357-390,

as property, 344-349, 749-750,

constitutional purpose of, 539, 929, 930-931,

duration of, 103-105, 353-354, 365-390, 539, 539, 551-565, 747-749, 898-921, 927, 929, 931-933, 1233-1242, 1248-1249,

four regulatory modalities on, 515-523, 546,

in perpetuity, 368-370, 377-378, 384-385, 733, 899-904, 1040, 1054,

marking of, 570-572, 1212-1217, 1223-1232,

no registration of works, 937-942, 1065,

of natural authors vs. corporations, 563,

renewability of, 353, 554-565, 1218-1222, 1235, 1239,

scope of, 566-583, 726-751, 1250,

statutory licenses in, 1251, 1254,

usage restrictions attached to, 598-606, 610-612,

voluntary reform efforts on, 1156-1159, 1160-1205,

Copyright Act (1790), 552-555, 574-575,

Copyright Office, 1080, 1219, 1222, 1228-1229,

Copyright infringement lawsuits, 47, 211, 211, 213, 320, 326, 610, 768, 772, 791, 796, 812, 816, 853, 877, 1151, 1275,

against student file sharing, 211-222, 768-770,

commercial creativity as primary purpose of, 47-49,

distribution technology targeted in, 326-338, 812, 816,

exaggerated claims of, 213, 768-770, 791, 796-800, 812, 877-880,

in recording industry, 211-222, 768-770, 791, 812-815, 853-854, 1151,

individual defendants intimidated by, 213-219, 791-792, 796-800, 853-854, 1151,

statutory damages of, 213,

statutory licenses in, 1275-1276,

willful infringement findings in, 610-612,

zero tolerance in, 320-322, 772-773,

Copyright law, 55, 73, 83, 86, 112, 115, 124, 231, 236, 238, 257, 271, 277, 323, 324, 325, 350, 391, 446, 451, 499, 502, 535, 543, 559, 568, 570, 572, 575, 585, 590, 593, 604, 605, 609, 609, 617, 622, 666, 673, 684, 735, 738, 738, 749, 766, 768, 773, 774, 786, 793, 795, 801, 814, 829, 832, 850, 865, 868, 898, 900, 921, 922, 942, 967, 1061, 1066, 1193, 1206, 1209, 1217, 1218, 1229, 1238, 1243, 1296,

English, 73, 350-390,

European, 572, 1066,

Japanese, 112-113, 115-116, 124-125,

Supreme Court case on term extension of, 922-927, 967-1093,

as ex post regulation modality, 502-507,

as protection of creators, 55, 543-545, 868-869,

authors vs. composers, 236-243,

circumvention technology banned by, 666-685,

commercial creativity as primary purpose of, 868-869,

copies as core issue of, 585-586, 590-606, 609-612, 738-745,

creativity impeded by, 86, 786-800,

development of, 350-390,

fair use and, 391-413, 451, 593-599, 605-606, 609, 673, 684-685, 749-750, 795-797, 1193-1194, 1238,

felony for infringement of, 942,

felony punishment for infringement of, 766-768, 768-770, 900,

formalities reinstated in, 1209-1222,

government reforms proposed on, 1206-1308,

history of American, 543-565, 735-745,

illegal behavior as broad response to, 850-883,

innovation hampered by, 801-849,

innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in, 325, 499-501, 535-536, 749-751,

international compliance with, 271-277,

lawyers as detriment to, 1238, 1296-1308,

malpractice lawsuits against lawyers advising on, 814-816,

on cable television rebroadcasting, 257-266, 324-325,

on music recordings, 231-241, 323-325, 774-775, 832-833, 1229,

on republishing vs. transformation of original work, 83-84, 568, 575-583, 604-605, 735-751, 1243-1254,

registration requirement of, 570-572, 738, 1061-1084, 1217, 1218-1222, 1229-1232,

royalty proposal on derivative reuse in, 446,

scope of, 585-587,

statutory licenses in, 238-244, 277, 323-325, 829,

technology as automatic enforcer of, 617, 622-690, 773-777, 793-794, 865,

term extensions in, 559-565, 898-921, 921-933, 967-1093,

two central goals of, 325,

Corporations, 563, 1110,

copyright terms for, 563,

in pharmaceutical industry, 1110-1112,

Country of the Blind, The (Wells), 754-762,

Court of Appeals, 329, 442, 970, 982, 1000,

D.C. Circuit, 970-971, 982, 1000,

Ninth Circuit, 329, 442,

Cover songs, 239,

Creative Commons, 1152, 1189-1205,

Creative property, 81, 224, 236, 471, 480, 488, 490, 539, 552, 586,

"if value, then right" theory of, 81-82, 224,

common law protections of, 552,

constitutional tradition on, 490-499, 539-545,

noncommercial second life of, 471-475, 480,

of authors vs. composers, 236-243,

other property rights vs., 488-513, 586-587,

Creativity, 83, 99, 110, 786,

by transforming previous works, 99-102, 110-124,

legal restrictions on, 83-86, 786-800,

Crichton, Michael, 152,

Criminal justice system, 718,

Culture, 45, 452, 735, 750, 954, 961,

archives of, 452-481, 750, 961-965,

commercial vs. noncommercial, 45-51, 735-746, 954-955,

Culture archives of, 750,

Cyber Rights (Godwin), 167,

D

D.C. Court of Appeals, 970-971, 982, 1000,

DDT, 531-537,

DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 666-673, 678-680, 684, 774,

DVDs, 278, 307,

piracy of, 278,

price of, 307,

Daguerre, Louis, 131,

Daley, Elizabeth, 152-158, 161-164, 194,

Data General, 1173,

Day After Trinity, The, 402,

Dean, Howard, 178,

Democracy, 138, 144, 172, 173, 183, 186, 713, 788, 1283,

digital sharing within, 788,

in technologies of expression, 138, 144, 172-177, 183-186,

media concentration and, 713,

public discourse in, 173-177, 186,

semiotic, 1283,

Democratic Party, 1064,

Derivative works, 98, 107, 446, 568, 575, 590, 601, 605, 735, 741, 1245,

fair use vs., 605-606,

historical shift in copyright coverage of, 568-570, 735-749,

piracy vs., 98-102, 107-125, 575-578, 590-593,

reform copyright term and scope on, 1245-1253,

royalty system proposed for, 446,

technological developments and, 601-605, 741-746,

Developing countries, foreign patent costs in, 273-276, 1097-1112,

Digital Copyright (Litman), 829,

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 666-673, 678-680, 684, 774,

Digital cameras, 145, 525,

Diller, Barry, 711-712,

DirectTV, 700,

Dirty, Harry, 424,

Disney, Inc., 99-105, 326, 484, 609-612, 920, 981,

Sony Betamax technology opposed by, 326-332,

Disney, Walt, 90-95, 106, 111-112, 122-127, 140-141, 337, 480, 582, 895-896, 929,

Doctorow, Cory, 315, 1197,

Doctors malpractice claims against, 791,

Documentary film, 391-413,

Domain names, 1221,

Donaldson v. Beckett, 382-390,

Donaldson, Alexander, 373-376, 380-385,

Douglas, William O., 22-24,

Doujinshi comics, 110-118, 124-125,

Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow), 315, 1197,

Drahos, Peter, 1135,

DreamWorks, 448-450,

Dreyfus, Rochelle, 81,

Driving speed, constraints on, 510-511, 882,

Drucker, Peter, 432,

Drugs, 718, 855, 882, 1097, 1131,

illegal, 718-720, 855-856, 882,

pharmaceutical, 1097-1112, 1131,

Duck and Cover film, 469,

Dylan, Bob, 1151,

E

E-books, 601-606, 622-649,

E-mail, 176,

EMI, 696, 816,

EMusic.com, 774-778,

Eagle Forum, 981-983,

Eastman, George, 133-145,

Eastwood, Clint, 416-431, 1251,

Edison, Thomas, 27, 229-234, 301, 337,

Education, 146, 189, 210,

in media literacy, 146-165,

tinkering as means of, 189-200, 210,

Eldred Act, 1062-1085, 1089-1092,

Eldred v. Ashcroft, 930, 967-1093, 1235,

Eldred, Eric, 892-902, 921, 929-931, 931, 974, 1062,

Elections, 172-173,

Electoral college, 499, 544,

Electronic Frontier Foundation, 872,

Else, Jon, 391-413, 795,

Eminem, 1151,

Encryption systems, 659-664,

England, copyright laws developed in, 350-390,

Enlightenment, 366,

Environmentalism, 533-537,

Ephemeral films, 469,

Errors and Omissions insurance, 408,

Erskine, Andrew, 374,

Ethics, 856,

Expression, technologies of, 138, 144, 146, 172, 183,

democratic, 138, 144, 172-177, 183-186,

media literacy and, 146-165,

F

FCC, 37, 694, 709, 1144,

media ownership regulated by, 694-696, 1144-1145,

on FM radio, 37-39,

on television production studios, 709,

FM radio, 35-40, 526, 836-838, 1093,

Fair use, 391, 407, 451, 593-599, 599, 605, 609, 672, 684, 749, 795, 1193, 1238,

Internet burdens on, 599, 605-606,

circumvention technology ban and, 672-673,

creative Commons license vs., 1193-1194,

fuzziness of, 1238,

in documentary film, 391-413,

in sampling works, 451,

legal intimidation tactics against, 407-413, 609-612, 749-750, 795-797,

technological restriction of, 684-685,

Fairbank, Robert, 439,

Fallows, James, 699-700,

Fanning, Shawn, 290,

Faraday, Michael, 27,

Farming, 523, 531-535,

Felten, Ed, 196, 658-669, 673-674, 685,

Feudal system, 1134-1135,

Fifth Amendment, 496,

Film industry, 226, 326, 483, 486, 494, 607, 698, 920, 1083, 1094, 1285,

VCR taping facility opposed by, 326-332,

consolidation of, 698,

luxury theatres vs. video piracy in, 1285,

patent piracy at the inception of, 226-230,

rating system of, 486,

trade association of, 483-486, 494, 920, 1083-1085, 1094,

trailer advertisements of, 607-609,

Film sampling, 449-452,

Films, 89, 391, 396, 414, 419, 466, 469, 479, 944, 947, 948, 958, 1084,

animated, 89-104,

archive of, 466, 469,

clips and collages of, 414-451,

fair use of copyrighted material in, 391-413,

in public domain, 944-956, 1084,

multiple copyrights associated with, 396, 419-433, 948-949,

restoration of, 947-951, 958,

total number of, 479,

First Amendment, 55, 528, 595, 724, 967, 978, 992, 1047,

copyright extension as violation of, 967, 978, 992, 1047,

First-sale doctrine, 612,

Fisher, William, 841, 1281-1283,

Florida, Richard, 86,

Forbes, Steve, 1064, 1081,

Formalities, 570-572, 1209-1222,

Fourneaux, Henri, 233-234,

Fox (film company), 398-399, 403-405, 409-410, 700,

Fox, William, 228,

Free Software Foundation, 983, 1179,

Free culture, 48, 123, 389, 502, 751, 1166, 1189,

Creative Commons license for recreation of, 1189-1205,

English legal establishment of, 389,

derivative works based on, 123-129,

four modalities of constraint on, 502-522,

permission culture vs., 48, 751,

restoration efforts on previous aspects of, 1166-1188,

Free for All (Wayner), 1200,

Free market, technological changes in, 526-528,

Free software/open-source software (FS/OSS), 190, 280, 1123-1130, 1173-1180,

Fridman, Milton, 986-988,

Fried, Charles, 987-988, 1007,

Frost, Robert, 898, 907-919, 929, 932,

Future of Ideas, The (Lessig), 625, 635, 806, 1235,

G

GNU/Linux operating system, 280, 983, 1124, 1178,

GPL (General Public License), 1125, 1179,

Garlick, Mia, 1195,

Gates, Bill, 526, 1132,

General Film Company, 228,

General Public License (GPL), 1125, 1179,

Generic drugs, 1131,

Gershwin, George, 991-992,

Gil, Gilberto, 1152,

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 996, 998, 1035,

Girl Scouts, 81,

Global Positioning System, 1118,

Godwin, Mike, 167,

Goldstein, Paul, 1252,

Google, 205-206, 210,

Gracie Films, 397-398,

Grimm fairy tales, 100-101, 122-123, 895,

Grisham, John, 241-242, 1249,

Groening, Matt, 397-399, 403-405, 409,

Guns, 681-682, 922-924,

H

HIV/AIDS therapies, 1097-1112,

Hacks, 652-656,

Hal Roach Studios, 944, 985,

Handguns, 681-682,

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 893-896,

Henry V., 351,

Henry VIII, King of England, 363,

Herrera, Rebecca, 400-401,

Heston, Charlton, 261,

History, records of, 459,

Hollywood film industry, 226-229,

Horovitz, Jed, 799-800,

House of Lords, 381-386, 389,

Hummer Winblad, 816,

Hummer, John, 816,

Hyde, Rosel, 257,

I

IBM, 1124, 1173,

ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by, 793, 876-880,

If value, then right, theory, 81-82, 224,

Images, ownership of, 140-144, 794,

Innovation, 290, 325, 331, 703, 801,

copyright profit balanced with, 325, 331-343,

industry establishment opposed to, 325-332, 801-849,

media conglomeration as disincentive for, 703-716,

Innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in, 331-343,

Innovator's Dilemma, The (Christensen), 714,

Insecticide, environmental consequences of, 531-537,

Intel, 826, 983,

Intellectual property rights, 59-67, 1112, 1118, 1126, 1128,

U.S. Patent Office on private control of, 1128-1143,

international organization on issues of, 1118-1122, 1126-1137,

of drug patents, 1112-1115,

International law, 271-276, 1103-1114,

Internet, 42, 75, 167, 170, 171, 176, 179, 181, 202, 290, 313, 519, 590, 599, 621, 626, 659, 688, 766, 790, 793, 822, 831, 853, 876, 1118, 1163, 1170, 1198, 1221, 1267,

blogs on, 170-172, 176-186,

books on, 313-317, 599-606, 621-649, 1198-1200,

copyright applicability altered by technology of, 590-606,

copyright enforced through, 626-672, 688-689,

copyright regulatory balance lost with, 519-523,

creative Web sites on, 790,

development of, 42-44, 1118, 1163-1164,

domain name registration on, 1221,

efficient content distribution on, 75, 822-826,

encryption systems designed for, 659-664,

initial free character of, 1163-1164,

music files downloaded from, 290-298, 766-778, 853,

news events on, 167-170, 179-183,

peer-generated rankings on, 181,

privacy protection on, 1170-1172,

public discourse conducted on, 171-186,

radio on, 831-849,

search engines used on, 202-208,

speed of access, 1267-1270,

user identities released by service providers of, 793, 876-880,

Internet Archive, 454-472, 469, 480, 934, 984,

Internet Explorer, 282,

Interstate commerce, 923-927, 1001,

Iraq war, 183,

Iwerks, Ub., 94,

J

Japanese comics, 107-115, 124-125,

Jaszi, Peter, 904, 1051,

Jefferson, Thomas, 346, 499-500, 1196,

Johnson, Lyndon, 483,

Johnson, Samuel, 385,

Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day), 976-977, 987, 1007,

Jordan, Jesse, 202, 206-222, 791, 854, 877,

Journalism, 182-185,

Jury system, 173,

Just Think!, 145-147, 168, 189-194,

K

Kahle, Brewster, 200, 461-481, 934, 961-964,

Kaplan, Benjamin, 1246,

Kazaa, 291, 309, 767, 769,

Keaton, Buster, 96-98, 122,

Kelly, Kevin, 1089,

Kennedy, Anthony, 995, 1017-1018, 1047, 1060,

Kennedy, John F., 483, 832,

Kittredge, Alfred, 235-236,

Knowledge, freedom of, 366,

Kodak Primer, The (Eastman), 134-135,

Kodak cameras, 134-138, 143, 525, 788,

Kozinski, Alex, 329,

Krim, Jonathan, 1126-1128,

L

Land ownership, air traffic and, 19-27, 1244,

Laurel and Hardy films, 944,

Law, 281, 354, 371, 502, 508, 518, 553, 850, 1182,

as constraint modality, 502-507, 508-513, 518,

citizen respect for, 850-883,

common vs. positive, 354-355, 371,

databases of case reports in, 281, 1182-1183,

federal vs. state, 553-555,

Law schools, 856,

Lawyers, 814, 1238, 1296,

copyright cultural balance impeded by, 1238, 1296-1308,

malpractice suits against, 814-816,

Leaphart, Walter, 1201,

Lear, Norman, 706-708, 710,

Legal system, attorney costs in, 217, 791-792, 795-800, 1296-1308,

Lessig, Lawrence, 37-38, 502, 625, 635, 806, 901, 905, 921, 967, 1120, 1136, 1235-1242,

Eldred case involvement of, 901-903, 905, 921-922, 967-1093,

in international debate on intellectual property, 1120-1124, 1136-1141,

Lexis and Westlaw, 1182-1183,

Libraries, 458, 462, 465, 474, 477, 750, 894, 963, 1171, 1182, 1185,

archival function of, 458-459, 462, 465-467, 474-475, 477-481, 750, 963-965,

journals in, 1182, 1185-1187,

of public-domain literature, 894-898,

privacy rights in use of, 1171,

Library of Congress, 462, 466, 844,

Licensing Act (1662), 354,

Linux operating system, 280, 983, 1124, 1178,

Litman, Jessica, 829,

Lofgren, Zoe, 1082,

Lott, Trent, 179,

Lovett, Lyle, 767, 808,

Lucas, George, 409,

Lucky Dog, The, 944,

M

MGM, 484,

MP3 players, 816,

MP3.com, 807-815,

MP3s, 519,

MTV, 303,

Madonna, 251-252, 504,

Manga, 107-115, 124-125,

Mansfield, William Murray, Lord, 73, 378-379,

Market competition, 526, 613,

Market constraints, 506-507, 510, 519, 803-804, 819-821,

Marx Brothers, 618-621, 640,

McCain, John, 696,

Media, 32, 179, 180, 183, 183, 694, 1144,

blog pressure on, 179-180,

commercial imperatives of, 180-181, 183,

ownership concentration in, 32-41, 183, 694-715, 1144-1150,

Media literacy, 146-165,

Mehra, Salil, 115-116,

Michigan Technical University, 214,

Mickey Mouse, 582, 929, 932, 981,

Microsoft, 206, 280, 280, 415, 658, 1123, 1126,

WIPO meeting opposed by, 1126,

Windows operating system of, 280,

competitive strategies of, 280,

government case against, 658,

international software piracy of, 280,

network file system of, 206-207,

on free software, 1123-1127,

Middlemarch (Eliot), 625-626, 630,

Mikey Mouse, 89-98,

Millar v. Taylor, 376-381,

Milton, John, 365, 385,

Monopoly, copyright as, 363-390,

Monroe, Marilyn, 832,

Morrison, Alan, 987,

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), 483-486, 494, 920, 1083-1085, 1094,

Motion Pictures Patents Company (MPPC), 226-228, 271,

Movie Archive, 469,

Moyers, Bill, 711,

Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, 675,

Murdoch, Rupert, 699-700,

Music publishing, 73, 235-237,

Music recordings, 479,

total number of, 479,

MusicStore, 1284,

My.mp3.com, 807-815,

Myers, Mike, 448-450,

Müller, Paul Hermann, 531-534,

N

NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1988), 900,

Napster, 143, 256, 290-291, 291, 294, 320, 442, 816, 878,

infringing material blocked by, 320-321,

number of registrations on, 291,

range of content on, 294,

recording industry tracking users of, 878-880,

replacement of, 291,

venture capital for, 816,

Nashville Songwriters Association, 930,

National Writers Union, 984,

Needleman, Raffe, 816-817,

Nesson, Charlie, 856,

Netanel, Neil Weinstock, 55,

Netscape, 282,

New Hampshire (Frost), 898,

News Corp, 700,

News coverage, 165-186, 462-468,

Newspapers, 458, 464, 698,

archives of, 458-460, 464,

ownership consolidation of, 698-700,

Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign, 720,

Nimmer, David, 441-442,

Nimmer, Melville, 1299,

Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, 329, 442,

Nixon, Richard, 1242,

No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1988), 900,

Norms, regulatory influence of, 505-506, 510, 518-519,

O

O'Connor, Sandra Day, 995, 1013-1014,

Olson, Theodore B., 1026-1028,

Oppenheimer, Matt, 216,

Originalism, 1043,

Orwell, George, 455-456,

P

PLoS (Public Library of Science), 1118, 1187,

Parallel importation, 1103-1104,

Paramount Pictures, 484,

Patent and Trademark Office, U.S., 1128-1143,

Patents, 226, 230, 561, 898, 1039, 1100, 1131,

duration of, 230, 1039,

future patents vs. future copyrights in, 898-899,

in public domain, 561, 898,

on film technology, 226-230,

on pharmaceuticals, 1100-1114, 1131,

Patterson, Raymond, 373,

Peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing, 75, 285, 288, 290, 294, 310, 312, 320, 340, 519, 765, 766, 766, 771, 772, 774, 877, 900, 1255, 1259,

benefits of, 310-318, 340-341,

efficiency of, 75-76,

felony punishments for, 766-770, 900,

four types of, 294-298, 1259-1264,

infringement protections in, 320-321, 774-777,

of books, 312-316,

participation levels of, 290,

piracy vs., 285, 288-341,

reform proposals of copyright restraints on, 1255-1296,

regulatory balance lost in, 519, 877-883,

shoplifting vs., 765-769,

total legalization of, 766, 771,

zero-tolerance of, 772-779,

Permission culture, 48, 751, 819,

free culture vs., 48, 751,

transaction cost of, 819-821,

Permissions, 139, 418, 626,

coded controls vs., 626-649,

for use of film clips, 418-451,

photography exempted from, 139-144,

Pharmaceutical patents, 1100-1114,

Phonograph, 233-235,

Photocopyring machines, 742,

Photography, 131-144,

Piracy, 98, 107, 223, 267, 271, 271, 277, 278, 280, 285, 288, 308, 319, 575, 590, 765, 784, 1285,

commercial, 267-287,

derivative work vs., 98-102, 107-125, 575-581, 590-593,

in Asia, 271-274, 277, 280, 1285,

in development of content industry, 223-266,

international, 271-278,

of intangible property, 278, 308-309, 765-771,

p2p file sharing vs., 285, 288-341,

profit reduction as criterion of, 285, 288-311, 319,

uncritical rejection of, 784-785,

Player pianos, 233-234, 238, 325,

Political discourse, 171, 175-186,

Politics (Aristotle), 632,

Porgy and Bess, 991,

Pornography, 991,

Positive law, 354, 371,

Power, concentration of, 10-12, 61,

Prelinger, Rick, 469,

Princeton University, 214,

Privacy rights, 874-877, 1167-1172,

Progress Clause, 539-544, 901-903, 983, 1001, 1044,

Prohibition, citizen rebellion against, 850-883,

Promises to Keep (Fisher), 1281-1282,

Property rights, 19, 344, 347, 496, 749, 1134, 1210, 1244, 1248,

Takings Clause on, 496-497,

air traffic vs., 19-27, 1244, 1248,

as balance of public good vs. private, 749-751,

copyright vs., 344-349, 749-751,

feudal system of, 1134-1135,

formalities associated with, 1210-1211,

intangibility of, 347,

Proprietary code, 1176-1177,

Protection of artists vs. business interests, 49,

Public Citizen, 987,

Public Enemy, 1201,

Public Library of Science (PLoS), 1118, 1187,

Public domain, 103, 316, 384, 552, 560, 625, 644, 735, 792, 894, 929, 944, 1080, 1084, 1118, 1183,

English legal establishment of, 384-385,

access fees for material in, 1183,

balance of U.S. content in, 552-557, 735-749,

content industry opposition to, 1080-1095,

defined, 103-105,

e-book restrictions on, 625-634, 644-648,

films in, 944-956, 1084,

future patents vs. future copyrights in, 560-564,

legal murkiness on, 792,

library of works derived from, 894-898,

license system for rebuilding of, 1183-1205,

p2p sharing of works in, 316,

protection of, 929-931,

public projects in, 1118,

traditional term for conversion to, 103-105,

Q

Quayle, Dan, 463,

R

RCA, 32-41, 526, 785, 1093, 1159,

Radio, 27, 249, 323, 526, 697, 699, 831, 832, 836, 1093,

FM spectrum of, 27-39, 526, 836-838, 1093,

music recordings played on, 249-252, 323, 832-833,

on Internet, 831-849,

ownership concentration in, 697, 699-701,

Railroad industry, 525,

Rap music, 449,

Reagan, Ronald, 988, 1007, 1118,

Real Networks, 1284,

Recordin industry, 768,

copyright infringement lawsuits of, 768-770,

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 211, 213, 219, 306, 667, 674, 683, 768, 791, 812, 840, 846, 853, 876, 877, 920, 1151,

ISP user identities sought by, 876-880,

copyright infringement lawsuits filed by, 211-222, 768-770, 791, 812, 853-854, 1151,

intimidation tactics of, 213-219, 853-854, 877-880,

lobbying power of, 219, 840-841, 920,

on CD sales decline, 306-309,

on Internet radio fees, 840-841, 846-848,

on circumvention technology, 674, 683-684,

on encryption system critique, 667-668,

Recording industry, 211, 219, 231, 236, 238, 246, 249, 271, 297, 302, 306, 311, 323, 696, 773, 791, 812, 832, 832, 840, 840, 846, 853, 1151, 1229, 1280,

CD sales level in, 306-309,

Internet radio hampered by, 840-849,

artist remuneration in, 219, 249-252, 323, 832-833, 840-841, 846-848, 1280-1284,

composers' rights vs. producers' rights in, 236,

copyright infringement lawsuits of, 211-222, 791, 812, 853-854, 1151,

copyright protections in, 231-241, 323, 773-775, 832, 1229,

international piracy in, 271,

new technology opposed by, 302-304,

out-of-print music of, 297, 311-314,

ownership concentration in, 696,

piracy in, 231-241,

radio broadcast and, 246-253, 323, 840-841,

statutory license system in, 238-244,

Regulation, 502, 522, 801, 812, 819, 850,

as establishment protectionism, 522-528, 801-849,

four modalities of, 502-522,

outsize penalties of, 812, 819,

rule of law degraded by excess of, 850-883,

Rehnquist, William H., 925-926, 995, 1024,

Remote channel changers, 525,

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 202-204,

computer network search engine of, 202-212,

Republican Party, 438, 1064,

Rhapsody in Blue (Gershwin), 932,

Rip, Mix, Burn technologies, 863-864,

Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida), 86,

Roberts, Michael, 807,

Robotic dog, 651-657, 665-666, 673, 684-685,

Rogers, Fred, 675,

Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 351-353, 359,

Rose, Mark, 374,

Russel, Phil, 233,

S

Saferstein, Harvey, 439,

Safire, William, 1144,

San Francisco Opera, 394, 402,

Sarnoff, David, 33,

Saturday Night Live, 448,

Scalia, Antonin, 995, 1011, 1026-1027, 1057,

Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 896,

Schlafy, Phyllis, 981,

Schools, gun possession near, 922-924,

Schwartz, John, 340,

Scientific journals, 1181-1188,

Scottish publishers, 356, 373-376, 380-385, 386,

Screen Actors Guild, 261,

Search engines, 202-212,

Seasons, The (Thomson), 377,

Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI), 659-664,

Semiotic democracy, 1283,

Senate, U.S., 499, 544, 1145,

FCC media ownership rules reversed by, 1145,

Sentelle, David, 969-971, 982, 1000,

September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 165-167, 170, 468,

Setnelle, David, 1041,

Seuss, Dr., 991-992,

Shakespeare, William, 126, 351, 359, 362, 385,

Sheet music, 73, 238,

Silent Spring (Carson), 533,

Simpsons, The, 395-411,

Single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs), 1118,

Slade, Michael, 420-422,

Slavery, 499,

Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998), 560-561, 563, 899-900, 920, 933, 945, 967, 978, 980, 993, 1075, 1299,

Supreme Court challenge of, 967-974, 978, 980, 993-1057, 1075, 1299,

Sony, 326, 651, 665, 673,

Aibo robotic dog produced by, 651-657, 665-666, 673,

Betamax technology developed by, 326-328,

Sony Music Entertainment, 696,

Sony Pictures Entertainment, 484,

Sousa, John Philip, 237,

Souter, David, 996, 998, 1036, 1047,

South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by, 1103-1108,

Speech, freedom of, 486, 528, 663,

constitutional guarantee of, 528,

film-rating system vs., 486,

useful criticism fostered by, 663,

Speeding, constraints on, 510-511, 882,

Spider, 453,

Spielberg, Steven, 449-450,

Stallman, Richard, 1174-1180,

Stanford University, 1191,

Star Wars, 409,

Starwave, 415-422,

Statue of Monopolies (1656), 363,

Statute of Anne (1710), 353, 356-357, 360, 368-370, 374-382, 380-382, 553,

Statutory damages, 213,

Statutory licenses, 240-244, 279, 323, 829, 1254, 1275-1276,

composer's rights vs. producers' rights in, 323,

Steamboat Bill, Jr., 96-98, 112, 141,

Steamboat Willie, 89-98,

Steel industry, 523,

Stevens, John Paul, 996, 999, 1039,

Stewart, Gordon, 976-977,

Story, Joseph, 1075,

Sullivan, Kathleen, 987,

Superman comics, 114,

Supreme Court, U.S., 22, 264, 329, 330, 338, 381, 724, 922, 927, 967, 972, 995, 1182,

House of Lords vs., 381-383,

access to opinions of, 1182,

annual docket of, 972,

congressional actions restrained by, 922-927, 927-929, 995,

factions of, 995-998,

on VCR technology, 329-332,

on airspace vs. land rights, 22-26,

on balance of interests in copyright law, 330-332, 338,

on cable television, 264,

on copyright term extensions, 922, 967-1093,

on television advertising bans, 724,

Sutherland, Donald, 427,

T

Takings Clause, 496-497,

Talbot, William, 132,

Tatel, David, 971,

Tax system, 855-856,

Taylor, Robert, 377,

Technology, 290, 302, 443, 476, 480, 520, 590, 617, 622, 666, 672, 741, 773, 787, 793, 819, 863, 865,

archival opportunity offered through, 476-479, 480-481,

copyright enforcement controlled by, 617, 622-690, 773-776, 793-794, 865-866,

copyright intent altered by, 590-606,

cut-and-paste culture enabled by, 443-447, 863,

established industries threatened by changes in, 302-304, 520,

innovative improvements in, 290,

legal murkiness on, 819,

of circumvention, 666, 672-685,

of copying, 741-746,

of digital capturing and sharing, 787-789,

Television, 149, 256, 324, 326, 483, 525, 675, 696, 698, 706, 720, 724, 1285,

VCR taping of, 326-328, 675-683,

advertising on, 149, 525, 720-724,

cable vs. broadcast, 256-266, 324-325, 1285,

controversy avoided by, 724,

independent production for, 706-713,

industry association of, 483-486,

ownership consolidation in, 696, 698-700,

Television Archive, 462, 467-468,

Thomas, Clarence, 995,

Thomson, James, 377-378, 381,

Thurmond, Storm, 179,

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 173,

Tonson, Jacob, 352-353,

Torvalds, Linus, 1178,

Turner, Ted, 1144,

Twentieth Century Fox, 484,

Twins, as chimera, 763-765,

U

United Kingdom, 350, 1152,

history of copyright law in, 350-390,

public creative archive in, 1152,

United States Trade Representative (USTR), 1104,

United States v. Lopez, 925-926, 928, 995, 1001, 1022, 1034-1037, 1041-1043,

United States v. Morrison, 926, 995,

Universal Music Group, 696, 816,

Universal Pictures, 326-334, 484,

University computer networks, p2p sharing on, 202-222, 770, 879-880, 1151,

Usage restrictions attached to, 361,

Used record sales, 312,

V

VCRs, 326-328, 332-335, 675-685, 829, 1264,

Valenti, Jack, 52, 328, 483, 485, 487, 586, 871, 1011, 1083,

Eldred Act opposed by, 1083,

background of, 483, 485-490,

on VCR technology, 328-329,

on creative property rights, 52, 487-498, 586,

Vanderbuilt University, 462,

Venture capitalists, 805, 816,

Verizon Internet Services, 876,

Veterans' pensions, 1239,

Video Pipeline, 607-612, 799,

Vivendi Universal, 778, 812-814,

Von Lohmann, Fred, 872-874, 881-882,

W

Wagner, Richard, 394-395, 401,

Warner Brothers, 418, 484, 618-620, 640,

Warner Music Group, 696,

Way Back Machine, 454, 457, 462,

Wayner, Peter, 1200,

Web sites, domain name registration of, 1221,

Web-logs (blogs), 170-172, 176-186,

Webster, Noah, 45,

Wellcome Trust, 1118,

Wells, H.G., 754-762,

Willful infringement, 610,

Windows, 280,

Winer, Dave, 182-186,

Winick, Judd, 113-114,

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 1118-1122, 1126-1137,

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 1121-1122, 1131,

World Trade Center, 165,

World Wide Web, 1118,

WorldCom, 791,

Wright brothers, 18-19, 26, 60,

X

Y

Yanofsky, Dave, 147,

Z

Zimmerman, Edwin, 262-263,