Index

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, 

A

AT&T, 346, 348-351,

Abilene, Texas, 717,

Access, 11, 35, 281, 295, 296, 298, 355, 366, 434, 463, 559, 609, 702, 704, 705,

broadband services, concentration of, 434-435,

cable providers, regulation of, 704-708, 705-708,

human development and justice, 11-13, 35-38,

influence exaction, 295-296, 298-300,

large-audience programming, 355, 366-375, 463-464,

limited by mass media, 355-358,

systematically blocked by policy routers, 281-284, 296, 355-358, 702,

to medicine, 609-623,

to raw data, 559-560,

Accreditation, 34, 135, 151-161, 152, 153, 154, 155, 204, 297, 314-322, 317, 337, 338, 355, 358, 359, 397, 423, 429,

Amazon, 152-153,

Google, 153,

Open Directory Project (ODP), 154,

Slashdot, 155-161, 204-205,

as distributed system, 317-318,

as public good, 34,

capacity for, by mass media, 358,

concentration of mass-media power, 297, 397-402, 423-424, 429-436,

of mass media owners, 355,

power of mass media owners, 359-365, 397-402,

Ackerman, Bruce, 338, 508, 545-548,

Active vs. passive consumers, 249-250, 262-263,

Ad hoc mesh networks, 179,

Adamic, Lada, 443, 446-447, 461,

Adams, Scott, 265,

Advertiser-supported media, 348-351, 355, 358-365, 364, 366, 464,

denominator programming, 355, 366-375,

lowest-common-denominator programming, 464,

reflection of consumer preference, 364,

Aggregate effect of individual action, 18,

Agnostic giving, 170,

Agricultural innovation, commons-based, 586-608,

Albert, Reka, 443, 446, 451,

Alertness, undermined by commercialism, 355, 366-375,

Alienation, 637-639,

Allocating excess capacity, 166-181, 221-224, 297, 620-622,

Alstott, Anne, 545,

Altruism, 169-170,

Amazon, 152-153,

Anticircumvention provisions, DMCA, 730-734,

Antidevice provisions, DMCA, 731,

Antidilutation Act of 1995, 522, 671, 784-786,

Appropriation strategies, 101-103,

ArXiv.org, 580-581,

Arbitrage, domain names, 757,

Archiving of scientific publications, 580-581,

Arrow, Kenneth, 79, 186,

Asymmetric commons, 121-122,

Atrios (blogger Duncan Black), 470,

Attention fragmentation, 41, 421, 430-431, 459-460, 818-819,

Authoring of scientific publications, 578-580,

Authoritarian control, 426, 473,

working around, 473-480,

Autonomy, 26-29, 51-56, 203, 258-322, 269, 278, 279, 309, 506, 815-819,

culture and, 506-508,

formal conception of, 269-272,

independence of Web sites, 203,

information environment, structure of, 278, 279-303,

mass media and, 309-310,

B

B92 radio, 475,

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 345,

BIOS initiative, 606-608,

Babel objection, 31, 34, 314-323, 419, 424, 429-436, 818-819,

Backbone Web sites, 448-450,

Background knowledge, 543,

see culture bad luck, justice and, 543-545,

Bagdikian, Ben, 367,

Baker, Edwin, 310, 364,

Balkin, Jack, 40, 459, 498, 513, 527, 529,

Barabasi, Albert-László, 443-444, 446, 451,

Barbie (doll), culture of, 500, 516-520,

Barlow, John Perry, 94,

Beebe, Jack, 371,

Behavior, 21, 183, 223, 286, 316, 659,

enforced with social software, 659-663,

motivation to produce, 21-23, 183-194, 223-224,

number and variety of options, 286-288, 316,

Benabou, Ronald, 187,

Benefit maximization, 89,

Beniger, James, 343,

Bennett, James Gorden, 343,

Berlusconi effect, 361, 365, 397-402,

BioForge, 607,

BioMed Central, 579,

Bioinfomatics, 621,

Biomedical research, commons-based, 609-623,

Biotechnology, 590-597,

Blocked access, 281, 295, 296, 298, 316, 355, 366, 426, 464, 473, 702,

authoritarian control, 426, 473-480,

autonomy and, 281-288, 316-317,

influence exaction, 295-296, 298-299,

large-audience programming, 355, 366, 464,

mass media and, 355-358,

policy routers, 281-284, 296, 355-358, 702,

Blogs, 388-391, 396, 454, 470, 659,

Sinclair Broadcasting case study, 396-402,

as social software, 659-663,

small-worlds effects, 454,

watchdog functionality, 470,

Blood donation, 186,

Boradband networks, 62,

Bow tie structure of Web, 448-450,

Bower, Chris, 398,

Boycott of Sinclair Broadcasting, 396-402,

BoycottSBG.com site, 398-399, 402,

Boyd, Dana, 653,

Boyle, James, 63, 732, 783,

Branding, 522, 754, 782,

domain names and, 754-758,

trademark dilutation, 522, 782-786,

Bridging social relationships, 653,

Bristol, Virginia, 716-717,

Broadband networks, 290, 434, 704, 709, 715,

cable as commons, 704-708,

concentration in access services, 434-435,

market structure of, 290,

municipal initiatives, 715-717,

open wireless networks, 709-714,

regulation of, 704-708,

Broadcast flag regulation, 722,

Broadcasting, radio. See radio broadcasting, toll, 349-351,

Broder, Andrei, 448,

Browsers, 759-761,

Bt cotton, 597,

Building on existing information, 81-83, 108,

Bullock, William, 343,

Business decisions vs. editorial decisions, 365,

Business strategies for information production, 88-99,

C

CAMBIA research institute, 606-608,

CBDPTA (Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act), 721,

CGIAR's GCP program, 605,

Cable broadband transport, as commons, 704-708,

Capabilities of individuals, 16, 43, 51-56, 108, 195, 238, 513, 545,

as modality of production, 238-243,

as physical capital, 195-196,

coordinated effects of individual actions, 16,

cultural shift, 513,

economic condition and, 545,

human capacity as resource, 108-112,

technology and human affairs, 43-48,

Capacity, 108, 166, 167, 175, 194, 217, 218, 221, 246, 281, 296, 297, 355, 358, 366, 397, 403, 463, 620, 702, 711, 806,

diversity of content in large audience media, 355,

diversity of content in large-audience media, 366-375, 463-464,

human communication, 108-112, 194-207, 217,

mass media limits on, 358,

networked public sphere generation, 403-415,

networked public sphere reaction, 397-402,

opportunities created by social production, 246-250,

policy routers, 281-284, 296, 355-358, 702,

processing (computational), 167-168, 175,

radio sharing, 711-712,

securing, 806,

sharing, 166-181, 221-224, 297, 620-622,

storage, 175,

transaction costs, 218-223,

Capital for production, 21-22, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,

control of, 195-196,

cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,

fixed and initial costs, 216,

production costs as limiting, 309,

transaction costs, 120,

Carey, James, 256,

Carriage requirements of cable providers, 707-708,

Castells, Manuel, 41, 41, 48, 642,

Cejas, Rory, 261-262, 271,

Censorship, 477-479,

Centralization of communication, 477,

authoritarian filtering, 477-478,

Centralization of communications, 31, 123, 423, 429-436, 462-466,

decentralization, 31-34, 123,

Chakrabarti, Soumen, 451,

Chandler, Alfred, 343,

Channels, transmission, 429,

See transport channel policy chaotic, Internet as, 429-436,

Chaplin, Charlie, 265,

Chat rooms, 478-479,

Chinese agricultural research, 597,

Chung, Minn, 476-477,

Cisco policy routers, 281-284, 296, 298, 355-358, 702,

influence exaction, 296, 298-300,

Clark, Dave, 727,

Clarke, Ian, 479,

Click-wrap licenses, 778-781,

Clickworkers project, 137-139,

Clinical trials, peer-produced, 622,

Clusters in network topology, 34, 338, 358, 446-453, 448, 455-460,

bow tie structure of Web, 448-450,

synthesis of public opinion, 338, 358,

Coase, Ronald, 120, 177,

Cohen, Julie, 732,

Coleman, James, 189, 641,

Collaboration, open-source, 131-132,

Collaborative authorship, 56, 391, 598, 613, 659,

See also peer production collective social action, 56,

among universities, 598-604, 613-618,

social software, 659-663,

Commercial culture, production of, 529-530,

Commercial mass media, 323, 327, 331, 341, 353, 353, 357, 397,

See also traditional model of communication commercial mass media, political freedom and, 323-376,

as platform for public sphere, 327-330, 341-342, 357-358,

basic critiques of, 353-375,

corrective effects of network environment, 397-402,

criticisms, 353-375,

design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 331-339,

structure of, 327-330,

Commercial model of communication, 16-17, 29, 31, 57-66, 120, 146, 208, 244, 309, 327, 340, 356, 539, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 695, 803, 808, 825,

autonomy and, 309-310,

barriers to justice, 539-540,

emerging role of mass media, 327-330, 340-341, 356-358,

enclosure movement, 671-672,

mapping, framework for, 685-698,

medical innovation and, 611,

path dependency, 679-684,

relationship with social producers, 244-250,

security-related policy, 146-148, 695, 803-807,

shift away from, 31-33,

stakes of information policy, 808-829,

structure of mass media, 327-330,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

Commercial press, 341-343, 363,

Commercialism, undermining political concern, 355, 366-375,

Common-carriage regulatory system, 301,

Commons, 59, 61, 120-123, 122, 180, 215, 252-257, 276, 289, 550, 564-565, 704, 715,

autonomy and, 276-278,

cable providers as, 704-708,

crispness of social exchange, 215,

human welfare and development, 550-554,

municipal broadband initiatives, 715-717,

types of, 122,

wireless communications as, 180, 289-292,

Commons, production through, 568-583, 584-608, 609, 624,

food and agricultural innovation, 584-608,

medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 609-623,

see peer production commons-based research, 568-583, 584, 609, 624-628,

Communication, 108, 194, 217, 218, 367, 473, 598, 613, 631,

authoritarian control, working around, 473-480,

capacity of, 108-112,

feasibility conditions for social production, 194-207,

pricing, 217,

thickening of preexisting relations, 631,

through performance, 367,

transaction costs, 218-223,

university alliances, 598-604, 613-618,

Communication diversity, 385,

See diversity communication tools, 385-393,

Communities, 40, 41, 50, 67, 139, 149, 153, 218, 263, 421, 430, 459, 525, 630, 664, 709, 715, 818,

as persons, 50-51,

critical culture and self-reflection, 40-41, 139-148, 153-154, 218, 525-526,

fragmentation of, 41, 421, 430-431, 459-460, 818-819,

human and Internet, together, 664-666,

immersive entertainment, 149-150, 263,

municipal broadband initiatives, 715-717,

open wireless networks, 709-714,

technology-defined social structure, 67-76,

virtual, 630-639,

Community clusters, 245, 297,

communications infrastructure, 297-300,

market and nonmarket producers, 245-246,

Computational capacity, 167-168, 175, 218,

transaction costs, 218-223,

Computer gaming environment, 149-150, 263,

Computers, 206, 220, 294, 718,

as shareable, lumpy goods, 220-222,

infrastructure ownership, 294-295,

policy on physical devices, 718-725,

Concentration in broadband access services, 434-435,

Concentration of Web attention, 437-466,

Concentration of mass-media power, 297, 355, 359-365, 397, 423-424, 429-436,

corrective effects of network environment, 397-402,

Connectivity, 175-176,

Constrains of information production, physical, 60-62,

Constraints of information production, monetary, 21, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,

control of, 195-196,

cost minimization and benefits maximization, 89,

fixed and initial costs, 216,

production costs as limiting, 309,

transaction cost, 120,

Constraints of information production, physical, 16-17,

Constraints on behavior, 364,

See autonomy, freedom consumer demand for information, 364,

Consumer surplus, 249, 262,

See capacity, sharing consumerism, active vs. passive, 249-250, 262-263,

Contact, online vs. physical, 638-639,

Content layer of institutional ecology, 676-677, 691, 696, 767-802, 769, 823-825,

copyright issues, 769-778,

recent changes, 696,

see also proprietary rights, 769,

Context, cultural, 778,

see culture cultural enclosure, 778-781,

Control of public sphere, 531,

See mass media controlling culture, 531-536,

Controversy, avoidance of, 367,

Cooperation gain, 179,

Coordinated effects of individual actions, 16-18,

Copyleft, 129, 606-607,

Copyright issues, 501, 769-778,

Core Web sites, 448-450, 448-450,

Cost, 89, 108, 194, 214, 217, 309, 810, 813,

capital for production creative capacity, 108-112,

crispness of, 214-219,

feasibility conditions for social production, 194-207,

minimizing, 89,

of production, as limiting, 309,

pricing, 217,

proprietary models, 810-813,

technologies, 813,

Creative Commons initiative, 801,

Creativity, value of, 214-219,

Criminalization of copyright infringement, 775,

Crispness of currency exchange, 214-219,

Critical culture and self-reflection, 40-41, 140, 154, 218, 525-526,

Open Directory Project, 154,

Wikipedia project, 140-148,

self-identification as transaction cost, 218,

Culture, 40, 139, 153, 189, 214, 218, 262, 273, 281, 295, 298, 315, 397, 485-536, 505, 515, 525, 531, 532, 818-819,

as motivational context, 189-191,

criticality of (self-reflection), 40-41, 139-148, 153-154, 218, 525-526,

freedom of, 505-514, 532-533,

influence exaction, 295-296, 298-300,

of television, 262,

participatory, policies for, 531-536,

security of context, 273-278,

shaping perceptions of others, 281-288, 315-316, 397-402, 531-536,

social exchange, crispness of, 214-219,

transparency of, 515-527,

D

DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 671, 729-736,

DSL, 543,

see broadband networks dumb luck, justice and, 543-545,

Daily newspapers, 85,

DailyKos.com site, 398,

Data storage capacity, 175, 218,

transaction costs, 218-223,

Database Directive, 788-789,

Database protection, 787-790, 791,

trespass to chattels, 791-795,

Davis, Nick, 398-399, 445, 464,

Dawkins, Richard, 513,

De Solla Price, Derek, 441,

De Tocqueville, Alexis, 342,

De minimis digital sampling, 777,

DeCSS program, 734,

Dean, Howard, 463,

Decentralization of communications, 31-34, 123,

Deci, Edward, 187,

Defining price, 214-219,

Demand for information, consumer, 364,

Demand-side effects of information production, 91, 94,

Democratic societies, 24-39, 26, 30, 31, 35, 40, 51, 203, 324-325, 550,

autonomy, 26-29,

critical culture and social relations, 40-41,

independence of Web sites, 203,

individual capabilities in, 51-56,

justice and human development, 35-38,

public sphere, shift from mass media, 30-34,

shift from mass-media communications model, 31-34,

social-democratic theories of justice, 550-554,

Democratizing effects of Internet, 377-384, 416,

critiques of claims of, 416-428,

Depression, 637-639,

Deregulation, 45,

See policy determinism, technological, 45-46,

Development, commons-based, 568-583, 584, 609, 624-628,

food and agricultural innovation, 584-608,

medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 609-623,

Devices (physical), policy regarding, 718-725,

see also computers, 718,

Diebold Election Systems, 403-415, 469, 686-689,

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 671, 729-736,

Digital divide, 427,

Digital sampling, 777,

Dignity, 50,

Dill, Stephen, 450,

Dilutation of trademarks, 522, 782-786,

Discussion lists (electronic), 387,

Displacement of real-world interaction, 631, 642-647,

Distributed computing projects, 168-170,

Distributed filtering and accreditation, 317-318,

Distributed production, 165,

Distribution lists (electronic), 387,

Distribution of information, 135, 162-165, 437, 616,

power law distribution of site connections, 437-466,

university-based innovation, 616-618,

Diversity, 21, 41, 101, 112, 183, 200, 221, 223, 249, 286, 308-313, 309, 316, 355, 366, 421, 430, 459, 463, 817,

appropriation strategies, 101-103,

changes in taste, 249,

fragmentation of communication, 41, 421, 430-431, 459-460, 817-819,

granularity of participation, 200-203, 221-222,

human communication, 112-113,

human motivation, 21-22,

large-audience programming, 355, 366-375, 463-464,

mass-mediated environments, 309-310,

motivation to produce, 21-22, 183-194, 223-224,

of behavioral options, 286-288, 316,

Doctors Without Borders, 614,

Domain name system, 753-758,

Drezner, Daniel, 451, 459,

Drugs, commons-based research on, 609-623,

Dworkin, Gerard, 269,

Dworkin, Ronald, 545, 548,

Dyson, Esther, 94,

E

E-mail, 387, 643,

thickening of preexisting relations, 643-647,

EBay v. Bidder's Edge, 791-795,

Economic analysis, role of, 47-48,

Economic data, access to, 559-560,

Economic opportunity, 255,

Economics in liberal political theory, 49-51, 505, 532,

cultural freedom, 505-514, 532-533,

Economics of information production and innovation, 77-117, 88, 100, 105, 114,

current production strategies, 88-99,

exclusive rights, 100-104, 114-117,

production of computer networks, 105-112,

Economics of nonmarket production, 120, 182-250, 208, 225,

emergence in digital networks, 225-243,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

Edelman, Ben, 477,

Editorial filtering, 365,

See relevance filtering editorial vs. business decisions, 365,

Educational instruction, 562, 582,

Efficiency of information regulation, 79-87, 100-104, 208-224, 221, 291, 571, 810-813,

capacity reallocation, 221-224,

property protections, 571,

wireless communications policy, 291,

Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 45,

Eldred v. Ashcroft, 776,

Electronic voting machines (case study), 403-415, 469, 686-689,

Enclosure movement, 671-672,

Encryption, 804-805,

Encryption circumvention, 730-733,

Entertainment industry, 149, 263, 545, 720, 746,

hardware regulation and, 720-725,

immersive, 149-150, 263,

peer-to-peer networks and, 746-752,

see also music industry entitlement theory, 545,

Environmental criticism of GM foods, 593-594,

Ethic (journalistic) vs. business necessity, 355, 365-375,

Excess capacity, sharing, 166-181, 221-224, 297, 620-622,

Exercise of programming power, 355, 360-365, 397,

corrective effects of network environment, 397-402,

Existing information, building on, 81-83, 108,

Extrinsic motivations, 187-190,

F

FHSST (Free High School Science Texts), 201, 582,

Factual reporting, access to, 561,

Fair use and copyright, 772-774,

Family relations, strengthening of, 631, 642-647,

Fanning, Shawn, 172, 739,

Farrell, Henry, 451, 459,

FastTrak architecture, 740,

Feasibility conditions or social production, 194-207,

Feedback and intake limits of mass media, 358,

Feinberg, Joel, 269,

Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 788-789,

Felten, Edward, 733,

Fightaids@home project, 169,

File-sharing networks, 171-175, 737-752, 804,

security considerations, 804-805,

Filtering, 34, 135, 151-161, 152, 153, 154, 155, 204, 297, 314-322, 317, 336-337, 355, 358, 397, 423, 425, 426, 429, 429, 462-466, 467,

Amazon, 152-153,

Google, 153,

Open Directory Project (ODP), 154,

Slashdot, 155-161, 204-205,

as distributed system, 317-318,

as public good, 34,

by authoritarian countries, 426,

capacity for by mass media, 358,

concentration of mass-media power, 297, 355-356, 358-365, 423-424, 429-436, 429-436,

corrective effects of network environment, 397,

watchdog functionality, 425, 467-472,

Filtering by information provider. See blocked access financial reward, as demotivator, 187-190,

Fine-grained goods, 221,

First-best preferences, 355,

large-audience programming, 355,

power of mass media owners, 355,

First-best preferences, mass media and, 297, 359, 366, 397, 423, 429, 463,

concentration of mass-media power, 297, 397-402, 423, 429-436,

large-audience programming, 366-375, 463-464,

of mass media owners, 359-365,

power of mass media owners, 397-402,

Fisher, William (Terry), 40, 245, 498, 526, 720,

Fiske, John, 262, 497, 526,

Fixed costs, 216,

Folding@home project, 168-170,

Folk culture, 585,

see culture food, commons-research based on, 585,

Food security, commons-based research on, 586-608,

Formal autonomy theory, 269-272,

Formal instruction, 562,

Fragmentation of communication, 41, 421, 459-460, 818-819,

Franklin, Benjamin, 342,

Franks, Charles, 165, 264,

Free High School Science Texts (FHSST), 201, 582,

Free software, 19-20, 37, 96, 125-132, 202, 247, 573, 762, 803,

as competition to market-based business, 247,

commons-based welfare development, 573-576,

human development and justice, 37,

policy on, 762-763,

project modularity and granularity, 202,

security considerations, 803-807,

Freedom, 50, 122, 253, 273, 286, 316, 505, 532,

behavioral options, 286-288, 316,

cultural, 505-514, 532-533,

of commons, 122,

property and commons, 273-278,

Freenet, 479,

Frey, Bruno, 187-188,

Friedman, Milton, 82,

Friendships, virtual, 637-639,

Friendster, 653,

Froomkin, Michael, 727, 755,

Future, 481, 531,

participatory culture, 531-536,

public sphere, 481-484,

G

GCP (Generation Challenge Program), 605,

GE (General Electric), 346, 350-351,

GM (genetically modified) foods, 590-597,

GNU/Linux operating system, 128-131,

GPL (General Public License), 126-130, 205,

See Also free software, 205,

GTLD-MoU document, 754,

Games, immersive, 149-150, 263,

General Public License (GPL), 126-130, 205,

See also free software, 205,

Generation Challenge Program (GCP), 605,

Genetically modified (GM) foods, 590-597,

Genome@home project, 169,

Ghosh, Rishab, 207,

Gifts, 226-227,

Gilmore, Dan, 393, 470,

Glance, Natalie, 447, 461,

Global development, 550-554, 584, 609, 627-628, 796,

food and agricultural innovation, 584-608,

international harmonization, 796-801,

medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 609-623,

Gnutella, 740,

Godelier, Maurice, 215, 226,

Golden rice, 599,

Goods, information-embedded, 556-558,

Google, 153,

Gould, Stephen Jay, 64,

Government, 52, 339, 356, 426, 473,

authoritarian control, 426, 473-480,

independence from control of, 339, 356,

role of, 52-56,

working around authorities, 473-480,

Gramsci, Antonio, 506-507,

Granovetter, Mark, 189, 638, 641,

Granularity, 200-203, 221,

of lumpy goods, 221-222,

Granularity of participation and, 200-203,

Green Revolution, 589-594,

Grokster, 742,

Growth rates of Web sites, 443, 446,

H

HDI (Human Development Index), 552-554,

HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschman Index), 363,

HIV/AIDS, 570-571, 585, 610,

Habermas, Jurgen, 333, 338, 367, 508-509, 727,

Hampton, Keith, 644,

HapMap Project, 621,

Hardware, 206, 220, 294, 718,

as shareable, lumpy goods, 220-222,

infrastructure ownership, 294-295,

policy on physical devices, 718-725,

Hardware regulations, 718-725,

Harmonization, international, 796-801,

Harris, Bev, 405, 408-409, 412,

Hart, Michael, 164-165, 264,

Hayek, Friedrich, 51, 274,

Health effects of GM foods, 593-594,

Hearst, William Randolph, 365,

Heller, Michael, 558,

High-production value content, 313, 528-530,

Hollings, Fritz, 721-724,

Home project, 168-170,

Hoover, Herbert, 348,

Hopkins Report, 408,

Horner, Mark, 201,

Huberman, Bernardo, 443, 446,

Human Development Index (HDI), 552-554,

Human Development Report, 552,

Human affairs, technology and, 43-48,

Human communicative capacity, 108-112, 194, 217,

feasibility conditions for social production, 194-207,

pricing, 217,

Human community, coexisting with Internet, 664-666,

Human contact, online vs. physical, 638-639,

Human development and justice, 35-38, 537-628, 542, 550-554, 568, 820-821,

commons-based research, 568-583,

liberal theories of, 542-549,

Human motivation, 21, 183-194, 189, 200, 221, 223,

crowding out theory, 223,

cultural context of, 189-191,

granularity of participation and, 200-203, 221-222,

Human welfare, 255, 297, 427, 542, 550, 555, 568,

commons-based research, 568-583,

commons-based strategies, 550-554,

digital divide, 427,

freedom from constraint, 297-299,

information-based advantages, 555-562,

liberal theories of justice, 542-549,

Hundt, Reed, 398,

Hyperlinking on the Web, 392, 437, 791,

as trespass, 791-795,

power law distribution of site connections, 437-466,

I

IAHC (International Ad Hock Committee), 754,

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 754,

IBM's business strategy, 96, 247-248,

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), 755,

Iconic representations of opinion, 367, 373,

Ideal market, 123,

Immersive entertainment, 149-150, 263,

Implicit knowledge, transfer of, 562,

Incentives to produce, 21, 183-194, 189, 200, 221, 223,

crowding out theory, 223,

cultural context, 189-191,

granularity of participation and, 200-203, 221-222,

Independence from government control, 339, 356,

Independence of Web sites, 203,

Individual autonomy, 26-28, 51, 203, 258-322, 269, 278, 279, 309, 506, 815-819,

culture and, 506-508,

formal conception of, 269-272,

independence of Web sites, 203,

individual capabilities in, 51-56,

information environment, structure of, 278, 279-303,

mass media and, 309-310,

Individual capabilities and action, 16, 43, 51-56, 108, 195, 238, 513, 545,

as modality of production, 238-243,

as physical capital, 195-196,

coordinated effects of individual actions, 16-18,

cultural shift, 513,

economic condition and, 545,

human capacity as resource, 108,

technology and human affairs, 43-48,

Individualist methodologies, 47-48,

Industrial age, 73, 265,

destabilization of, 73,

reduction of individual autonomy, 265-266,

Industrial ecology of digital environment, 356,

emerging role of mass media, 356-358,

Industrial model of communication, 16-17, 29, 31, 57-66, 120, 146, 208, 244, 309, 327, 340, 356, 539, 563, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 695, 803, 808, 825-826,

autonomy and, 309-310,

barriers to justice, 539-540,

emerging role of mass media, 327-330, 340-341, 356-358,

enclosure movement, 671-672,

information industries, 563-565,

mapping, framework for, 685-698,

medical innovation and, 611,

path dependency, 679-684,

relationship with social producers, 244-250,

security-related policy, 146-148, 695, 803-807,

shift away from, 31-34,

stakes of information policy, 808-829,

structure of mass media, 327-330,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

Inefficiency of information regulation, 79-87, 100-104, 208-224, 221, 291, 571, 810-813,

capacity reallocation, 221-224,

property protections, 571,

wireless communications policy, 291,

Inertness, political, 355, 366-375,

Influence exaction, 295-296, 298-300,

Information appropriation strategies, 101-103,

Information as nonrival, 79-83,

Information economy, 11-66, 14, 24, 42, 57, 394, 542,

democracy and liberalism, 24-39,

effects on public sphere, 394-415,

emergence of, 14-23,

institutional ecology, 57-66,

justice, liberal theories of, 542-549,

methodological choices, 42-56,

Information flow, 34, 281, 296, 355, 366, 463, 702,

controlling with policy routers, 281-284, 296, 355-358, 702,

large-audience programming, 355, 366-375, 463-464,

limited by mass media, 355-358,

Information industries, 563-565,

Information overload and Babel objection, 31, 34, 314-323, 419, 424, 429-436, 818-819,

Information production, 16, 79, 88, 174, 194, 403, 815,

feasibility conditions for social production, 194-207,

networked public sphere capacity for, 403-415,

nonrivalry, 79-83, 174,

physical constraints on, 16-17,

strategies of, 88,

Information production capital, 21-22, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,

control of, 195-196,

cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,

fixed and initial costs, 216,

production costs as limiting, 309,

transaction costs, 120,

Information production economics, 77-117, 88, 100, 105, 114,

current production strategies, 88-99,

exclusive rights, 100-104, 114-117,

production over computer networks, 105-112,

Information production inputs, 81, 108, 135-148, 137, 140, 149, 214, 238, 281, 285, 296, 335, 355, 366, 397, 463, 531, 702,

NASA Clickworkers project, 137-139,

Wikipedia project, 140-148,

existing information, 81-83, 108,

immersive entertainment, 149-150,

individual action as modality, 238-243,

large-audience programming, 355, 366-375, 463-464,

limited by mass media, 355-358,

pricing, 214-219,

propaganda, 285, 397-402, 531-536,

systematically blocked by policy routers, 281-284, 296, 355-358, 702,

universal intake, 335-336, 355-358,

Information production, market-based, 83, 95, 120, 208, 244, 522, 529, 613,

cultural change, transparency of, 522-526,

mass popular culture, 529-530,

relationship with social producers, 244-250,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

universities as, 613-616,

without property protections, 83-87, 95-99,

Information sharing, 175, 216, 218, 294,

infrastructure ownership, 294,

initial costs, 216,

transaction costs, 218-223,

Information, defined, 71, 559-560,

Information, perfect, 364,

Information-embedded goods, 556-558,

Information-embedded tools, 558,

Innovation, 37, 291, 586, 764,

agricultural, commons-based, 586-608,

human development, 37-38,

software patents and, 764-766,

wireless communications policy, 291,

Innovation economics, 77-117, 88, 100, 100, 105, 114,

current production strategies, 88,

exclusive rights, 100-104, 100-104, 114-117,

production over computer networks, 105-112,

Inputs to production, 81, 108, 135-148, 137, 140, 149, 214, 238, 281, 285, 296, 335, 355, 366, 397, 463, 531, 702,

NASA Clickworkers project, 137-139,

Wikipedia project, 140-148,

existing information, 81-83, 108,

immersive entertainment, 149-150,

individual action as modality, 238-243,

large-audience programming, 355, 366-375, 463-464,

limited by mass media, 355-358,

pricing, 214-219,

propaganda, 285, 397-402, 531-536,

systematically blocked by policy routers, 281-284, 296, 355-358, 702,

universal intake, 335-336, 355-358,

Instant messaging, 647,

Institute for One World Health, 619,

Institutional ecology of digital environment, 6, 16-17, 27-28, 31, 57-66, 120, 146, 208, 244, 309, 327, 340, 539, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 695, 803, 808, 824-827,

autonomy and, 309-310,

barriers to justice, 539-540,

emerging role of mass media, 327-330, 340-341,

enclosure movement, 671-672,

mapping, framework for, 685-698,

medical innovation and, 611,

path dependency, 679-684,

relationship with social producers, 244-250,

security-related policy, 146-148, 695, 803-807,

shift away from, 31-34,

stakes of information policy, 808-829,

structure of mass media, 327-330,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

International HapMap Project, 621,

International harmonization, 796-801,

Internet, 377, 385, 416, 423, 429, 437, 448, 473, 515, 528, 535, 654, 664, 698, 753, 759, 791,

Web addresses, 753-758,

Web browsers, 759-761,

as platform for human connection, 654-658,

authoritarian control over, 473-480,

centralization of, 423, 429-436,

coexisting with human community, 664-666,

democratizing effect of, 416-428,

democratizing effects of, 377-384,

globality of, effects on policy, 698,

linking as trespass, 791-795,

plasticity of culture, 528-530, 535,

power law distribution of site connections, 437-466,

strongly connected Web sites, 448-450,

technologies of, 385-393,

transparency of culture, 515-527,

Internet Explorer browser, 759-761,

Intrinsic motivations, 187-193,

Introna, Lucas, 466,

Isolation, 637-639,

J

Jackson, Jesse, 470,

Jedi Saga, The, 261-262,

Jefferson, Richard, 606,

Joe Einstein model, 91-92, 98, 564,

Johanson, Jon, 734,

Journalism, undermined by commercialism, 355, 365-375,

Justice and human development, 35-38, 537-628, 542, 550, 568, 820-821,

commons-based research, 568,

commons-based strategies, 550-554,

liberal theories of, 542-549,

K

KDKA Pittsburgh, 345, 346-347,

KaZaa, 741-742,

Kant, Immanuel, 274,

Karma (Slashdot), 157,

Keillor, Garrison, 441,

Kick, Russ, 203, 464,

Know-How model, 95,

Knowledge, defined, 562,

Koren, Niva Elkin, 40,

Kottke, Jason, 455,

Kraut, Robert, 638, 644,

Kumar, Ravi, 455,

Kymlicka, Will, 508,

L

Laboratories, peer-produced, 622-623,

Lakhani, Karim, 207,

Lange, David, 63,

Large-audience programming, 355, 366-375, 463,

susceptibility of networked public sphere, 463-464,

Large-circulation press, 342-343,

Large-grained goods, 221,

Last mile (wireless), 709-714,

Layers of institutional ecology, 676-677, 685-698, 691, 696, 767, 823-825,

content layer, 676-677, 691, 696, 767-802, 823-825,

physical layer, 691, 823-825,

see also logical layer of institutional ecology, 691,

Learning networks, 91-92, 95, 218,

Lemley, Mark, 705, 779,

Lerner, Josh, 83, 207,

Lessig, Lawrence (Larry), 40, 63, 434, 498, 501, 678, 705,

Liberal political theory, 49-51, 502, 532,

cultural freedom, 502-514, 532-533,

Liberal societies, 24-39, 26, 31, 35, 40, 331, 542,

autonomy, 26-29,

critical culture and social relations, 40,

design of public sphere, 331-339,

justice and human development, 35,

public sphere, shift from mass media, 31-34,

theories of justice, 542-549,

Licensing, 126, 205, 346, 598, 778,

GPL (General Public License), 126-130, 205,

agricultural biotechnologies, 598-608,

radio, 346-349,

shrink-wrap (contractual enclosure), 778-781,

Limited intake of mass media, 355-358,

Limited sharing networks, 91-92, 98-99,

Limited-access common resources, 122,

Lin, Nan, 189,

Linking on the Web, 392, 437, 791,

as trespass, 791-795,

power law distribution of site connections, 437-466,

Linux operating system, 130,

Litman, Jessica, 63, 74, 501, 771,

Local clusters in network topology, 34,

Logical layer of institutional ecology, 171, 522, 671, 676, 691, 696, 726-766, 729, 737-752, 753, 759, 762, 782, 787, 796, 805, 823,

DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 671, 729-736,

Web browsers, 759-761,

database protection, 787-790,

domain name system, 753-758,

free software policies, 762-763,

international harmonization, 796-801,

peer-to-peer networks, 171-175, 805-806,

recent changes, 696,

trademark dilutation, 522, 782-786,

Loneliness, 637-639,

Loose affiliations, 27-28, 631, 642, 649-653,

Los Alamos model, 91-92, 98,

Lott, Trent, 461, 470,

Lowest-common-denominator programming, 355, 367-375, 463-464,

Lucas, George, 261-262,

Luck, justice and, 543-545,

Lumpy goods, 220-222,

Luther, Martin, 64,

M

MIT's Open Courseware Initiative, 582,

MMOGs (massive multiplayer online games), 149, 263,

MP3.com, 739, 744,

MSF (Medecins San Frontieres), 614,

Mailing lists (electronic), 387,

Management, changing relationships of, 247-250,

Mangabeira Unger, Roberto, 266,

Manipulating perceptions of others, 281-288, 285, 295, 298, 315-316, 397, 531,

influence exaction, 295-296, 298-300,

with propaganda, 285, 397-402, 531-536,

Marconi, 346,

Market reports, access to, 561,

Market transactions, 211-214,

Market-based information producers, 83, 95, 120, 208, 244, 522, 529, 529, 613,

cultural change, transparency of, 522-526,

mass popular culture, 529-530, 529-530,

relationship with social producers, 244-250,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

universities as, 613-616,

without property protections, 83-87, 95-99,

Marshall, Josh, 398, 445, 470,

Marx, Karl, 274, 505,

Mass media, 327, 327, 340, 352, 353, 353, 397,

as platform for public sphere, 327-330, 340-341, 352, 353-356,

basic critiques of, 353-375,

commercial platform for public sphere, 327-330,

corrective effects of network environment, 397-402,

structure of, 327-330,

Mass media, political freedom and, 323-376, 331, 340, 353-375, 357,

commercial platform for public sphere, 340-341, 357-358,

design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 331-339,

Massive multiplayer games, 149, 263,

McChesney, Robert, 352,

McHenry, Robert, 141,

McLuhan, Marshall, 45,

McVeigh, Timothy (sailor), 652,

Medecins Sans Frontieres, 614,

Media concentration, 297, 397, 423, 429-436,

corrective effects of network environment, 397-402,

Medicines, commons-based research on, 609-623,

Medium of exchange, 214-219,

Medium-grained goods, 221,

Meetup.com site, 653,

Metamoderation (Slashdot), 159-160,

Methodological individualism, 48,

Mickey model, 90-93,

Microsoft Corporation, 759, 794,

browser wars, 759-761,

sidewalk.com, 794,

Milgram, Stanley, 454,

Misfortune, justice and, 543-545,

Mobile phones, 393, 651, 709,

open wireless networks, 709-714,

Modularity, 200-203,

Moglen, Eben, 20, 112, 748,

Monetary constraints on information production, 21-23, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,

control of, 195-196,

cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,

fixed and initial costs, 216,

production costs as limiting, 309,

transaction costs, 120,

Money, 89, 187, 214, 309, 420, 462,

as demotivator, 187-190,

as dominant factor, 420,

centralization of communications, 462-466,

cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,

cost of production as limiting, 309,

crispness of currency exchange, 214-219,

Monitoring, authoritarian, 426,

Monopoly, 290, 345, 351, 371, 473, 611,

authoritarian control, 473-480,

breadth of programming under, 371,

medical research and innovation, 611,

radio broadcasting, 345, 351-352,

wired environment as, 290,

Moore, Michael, 360,

Motivation to produce, 21-22, 183-194, 189, 200-203, 221, 223,

crowding out theory, 223,

cultural context, 189-191,

granularity of participation and, 221-222,

Moulitas, Markos, 398,

Mumford, Lewis, 45,

Municipal broadband initiatives, 715-717,

Murdoch, Rupert, 365,

Music industry, 106-107, 171, 733, 747-750, 777,

DMCA violations, 733,

digital sampling, 777,

peer-to-peer networks and, 171-172,

MyDD.com site, 398,

N

NASA Clickworkers, 137-139,

NBC (National Broadcasting Company), 351,

NIH (National Institutes of Health), 579,

NSI (Network Solutions. Inc.), 754-755,

Napster, 739-740,

see also peer-to-peer networks, 739,

Negroponte, Nicholas, 430,

Neighborhood relations, strengthening of, 631, 642-647,

Nelson, W. R., 367,

Netanel, Neil, 425, 468,

Netscape and browser wars, 760,

Network topology, 171, 179, 278, 279, 319, 392, 437, 448, 451, 455, 737, 791, 805,

autonomy and, 278, 279-303,

emergent ordered structure, 455-460,

linking as trespass, 791-795,

moderately linked sites, 451,

peer-to-peer networks, 171-175, 737-752, 805,

power law distribution of site connections, 437-466,

quoting on Web, 392,

repeater networks, 179-180,

strongly connected Web sites, 448-450,

Networked environmental policy, 42,

See policy, 42,

Networked information economy, 14-66, 24, 42, 57, 394,

democracy and liberalism, 24-39,

effects on public sphere, 394-415,

emergence of, 14-23,

institutional ecology, 57-66,

methodological choices, 42-56,

Networked public sphere, 27, 31-34, 324, 327, 331, 340, 356, 376-484, 385, 403, 416, 425, 429, 437, 467, 469, 473, 481, 515, 631, 642, 649, 666, 686, 816-818,

Diebold Election Systems case study, 403-415, 469, 686-689,

Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 429-436,

authoritarian control, working around, 473-480,

basic communication tools, 385-393,

critiques that Internet democratizes, 416-428,

defined, 324-328,

future of, 481-484,

liberal, design characteristics of, 331-339,

loose affiliations, 27-28, 631, 642, 649-653,

mass-media platform for, 327-330, 340-341, 356-358,

see also social relations and norms networked society, 666-667, 816,

topology and connectivity of, 437-466,

transparency of Internet culture, 515-527,

watchdog functionality, 425, 467-472,

Networks sharing, 174,

News (as data), 561,

Newspapers, 85, 341-343, 363,

market concentration, 363,

Newton, Isaac, 81,

Niche markets, 112,

Nissenbaum, Helen, 466,

No Electrical Theft (NET) Act, 775,

Noam, Eli, 363, 430-431,

Nonexclusion-market production strategies, 83-87, 94-99,

Nonmarket information producers, 15-19, 48, 83-87, 91, 98, 194, 225, 244, 522, 613,

conditions for production, 194-207,

cultural change, transparency of, 522-526,

emergence of social production, 225-243,

relationship with nonmarket information producers (cont.) market-based businesses, 244-250,

role of, 48,

strategies for information production, 91-92, 98-99,

universities as, 613-616,

Nonmarket production, economics of, 120, 182-250, 194, 208, 225,

emergence in digital networks, 225-243,

feasibility conditions, 194-207,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

Nonmarket strategies, effectiveness of, 111-113,

Nonprofit medical research, 619,

Nonrival goods, 79-83,

Norms (social), 27, 41, 67, 120, 145-148, 157, 183, 208, 273, 421, 430, 459, 629-667, 631, 642, 649, 654, 659, 664, 818,

Internet and human coexistence, 664-666,

Internet as platform for, 654-658,

Slashdot mechanisms for, 157-160,

enforced norms with software, 659-663,

fragmentation of communication, 41, 421, 430-431, 459-460, 818-819,

loose affiliations, 27-28, 631, 642, 649-653,

motivation within, 183-187,

property, commons, and autonomy, 273-278,

software for, emergence of, 659-663,

technology-defined structure, 67-76,

thickening of preexisting relations, 631,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

working with social expectations, 649-653,

Nozick, Robert, 544,

Number of behavioral options, 286-288, 316,

O

OAIster protocol, 581,

ODP (Open Directory Project), 154,

OSTG (Open Source Technology Group), 156,

Obscurity of some Web sites, 446, 451-452,

Older Web sites, obscurity of, 446,

On the shoulders of giants, 81-83,

One World Health, 619,

Open Archives Initiative, 581,

Open Courseware Initiative (MIT), 562, 582,

Open Directory Project (ODP), 154,

Open commons, 122,

Open wireless networks, 709-714, 715, 805,

municipal broadband initiatives, 715-717,

security, 805-806,

Open-source software, 19-20, 37, 96, 125-132, 202, 247, 573, 762, 803,

as competition to market-based business, 247,

commons-based welfare development, 573-576,

human development and justice, 37,

policy on, 762-763,

project modularity and granularity, 202,

security considerations, 803-807,

Opinion, public, 337, 338, 358, 367, 373,

iconic representations of, 367, 373,

synthesis of, 337, 338, 358,

Opportunities created by social production, 246-250,

Options, behavioral, 286-288, 316,

Organization structure, 200-207, 221, 543,

granularity, 200-203, 221-222,

justice and, 543-545,

modularity, 200-203,

Organizational clustering, 446-453,

Ostrom, Elinor, 276,

Owners of mass media, power of, 355, 359-365, 397,

corrective effects of network environment, 397-402,

P

P2p networks, 171-175, 737-752, 805,

security considerations, 805,

PIPRA (Public Intellectual Property for Agriculture), 598-604,

PLoS (Public Library of Science), 579,

Pantic, Drazen, 393,

Pareto, Vilfredo, 441,

Participatory culture, 249, 262, 531-536,

See also culture passive vs. active consumers, 249-250, 262,

Patents, 682,

see proprietary rights path dependency, 682,

Peer production, 19, 27, 73, 118-181, 194, 204, 208, 244, 403, 425, 467, 620, 631, 642, 649, 662, 813-815,

as platform for human connection, 662-663,

drug research and development, 620,

electronic voting machines (case study), 403-415,

feasibility conditions for social production, 194-207,

loose affiliations, 27, 631, 642, 649-653,

maintenance of cooperation, 204-205,

relationship with market-based business, 244-250,

sustainability of, 208-224,

watchdog functionality, 425, 467-472,

Peer review of scientific publications, 578-580,

Peer-to-peer networks, 171-175, 737-752, 805,

security considerations, 805,

Pennock, David, 451,

Perceptions of others, shaping, 281-288, 285, 295, 298, 315-316, 397, 531,

influence exaction, 295-296, 298-300,

with propaganda, 285, 397-402, 531-536,

Perfect information, 364,

Performance as means of communication, 367,

Permission to communicate, 294-295,

Personal computers, 206, 220, 294, 718,

as shareable, lumpy goods, 220-222,

infrastructure ownership, 294-295,

policy on physical devises, 718-725,

Pew studies, 647, 745,

Pharmaceuticals, commons-based research on, 609-623,

Philadelphia, wireless initiatives in, 716-717,

Physical capital for production, 21-23, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309, 676-677, 699-725,

control of, 195-196,

cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,

fixed and initial costs, 216,

production costs as limiting, 309,

see also commons and social capital, 699,

transaction costs, 120,

Physical constraints on information production, 15-17, 60-62,

Physical contact, diminishment of, 638-639,

Physical layer of institutional ecology, 691, 696, 823-825,

recent changes, 696,

Physical machinery and computers, 206, 220, 294, 718,

as shareable, lumpy goods, 220-222,

infrastructure ownership, 294-295,

policy on physical devices, 718-725,

Piore, Michael, 266,

Planned modularization, 200-203,

Plasticity of Internet culture, 528-530, 535,

Polarization, 422, 461,

Policy, 63-65, 146, 299, 339, 355, 403, 469, 473, 531, 539, 545, 568, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 686, 695, 698, 796, 803, 808,

Diebold Election Systems case study, 403-415, 469, 686-689,

authoritarian control, 473-480,

commons-based research, 568,

enclosure movement, 671-672,

global Internet and, 698,

independence from government control, 339, 355-356,

international harmonization, 796-801,

liberal theories of justice and, 545-548,

mapping institutional ecology, 685-698,

participatory culture, 531-536,

path dependency, 679-684,

pharmaceutical innovation, 611,

property-based, 299-302,

proprietary rights vs. justice, 539-541,

security-related, 695, 803-807,

security-related policy, 146-148,

stakes of, 808-829,

Policy layers, 676-677, 685-698, 691, 696, 767, 823-825,

content layer, 691, 696, 767-802, 823-825,

physical layer, 691, 823-825,

Policy routers, 281-284, 296, 298, 355-358, 702,

influence exaction, 296, 298-300,

Political concern, undermined by commercialism, 355, 365-375,

Political freedom, mass media and, 323-376, 327, 331, 340, 353,

commercial platform for public sphere, 327-330, 340-341,

criticisms, 353-375,

design characteristics of liberal public sphere, 331-339,

Political freedom, media and, 356,

commercial platform for public sphere, 356-358,

Political freedom, public sphere and, 376-484, 385, 416, 425, 429, 437, 467, 473, 481,

Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 429-436,

authoritarian control, working around, 473-480,

basic communication tools, 385-393,

critiques that Internet democratizes, 416-428,

future of, 481-484,

topology and connectivity of, 437-466,

watchdog functionality, 425, 467-472,

Pool, Ithiel de Sola, 682,

Popular culture, commercial production of, 529-530,

Post, Robert, 269,

Postel, Jon, 754,

Postman, Neil, 341,

Powell, Walter, 218,

Power law distribution of Web connections, 437-466, 448, 451,

strongly connected Web sites, 448-450,

uniform component of moderate connectivity, 451,

Power of mass media owners, 355, 359-365, 397,

corrective effects of network environment, 397-402,

Preexisting relations, thickening of, 631,

Press, commercial, 341-343, 363,

Price compensation, as demotivator, 187-190,

Pricing, 214-219,

Pringle, Peter, 594,

Print media, commercial, 341-343,

Private communications, 326,

Privatization, 289, 299, 594, 779,

ProCD v. Zeidenberg, 779,

agricultural biotechnologies, 594-596,

of communications and information systems, 289-292, 299-302,

Processing capacity, 167-168, 175,

Processors. See computer producer surplus, 297,

Producers professionalism, mass media, 356,

Production capital, 21-23, 73, 89, 120, 195, 216, 309,

control of, 195-196,

cost minimization and benefit maximization, 89,

fixed and initial costs, 216,

production costs as limiting, 309,

transaction costs, 120,

Production inputs, 81, 108, 135-148, 140, 149, 214, 238, 281, 285, 296, 335, 355, 366, 397, 463, 531, 702,

Wikipedia project, 140-148,

existing information, 81-83, 108,

immersive entertainment, 149-150,

individual action as modality, 238-243,

large-audience programming, 355, 366-375, 463,

limited by mass media, 355-358,

pricing, 214-219,

propaganda, 285, 397-402, 531-536,

systematically blocked by policy routers, 281-284, 296, 355-358, 702,

universal intake, 335-336, 355-358,

Production inputs NASA Clickworkers project, 137-139,

Production of information, 15, 79, 88, 174, 194, 403, 815,

feasibility conditions for social production, 194-207,

networked public sphere capacity for, 403-415,

nonrivalry, 79-83, 174,

physical constraints on, 15-17,

strategies of, 88-99,

Project Gutenberg, 164-165, 264,

Propaganda, 285, 397, 531,

Stolen Honor documentary, 397-402,

manipulating culture, 531-536,

Property ownership, 59-64, 100, 121, 252-257, 273, 570,

autonomy and, 273-278,

control over, as asymmetric, 121-123,

effects of exclusive rights, 100-104,

trade policy, 570-571,

Proprietary rights, 57-66, 88, 89, 100, 114-117, 171, 177, 290, 291, 294, 346, 348, 501, 522, 539, 556, 568, 578, 594, 598, 598, 611, 624, 671, 719, 729, 754, 764, 769, 778, 782, 787, 791, 796, 809,

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 671, 729-736,

agricultural biotechnologies, 594-596, 598-608,

commons-based research, 568-583,

contractual enclosure, 778-781,

copyright issues, 769-778,

cultural environment and, 501,

database protection, 787-790,

domain names, 754-758,

dominance of, overstated, 809-811,

effects of, 100-104,

enclosure movement, 671-672,

global welfare and research, 568-572, 624-628,

information-embedded goods and tools, 556-558,

infrastructure ownership, 294-295,

international harmonization, 796-801,

justice vs., 539-541,

medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 611,

models of, 89-94,

openness of personal computers, 719-720,

peer-to-peer networks and, 171-172,

radio patents, 346, 348-349,

scientific publication, 578-580,

software patents, 764-766,

strategies for information production, 88-99,

trademark dilutation, 522, 782-786,

trespass to chattels, 791-795,

university alliances, 598-604,

wireless communications policy, 291,

wireless networks, 177, 290-292,

Proprietary rights, inefficiency of, 79-87, 100-104, 208-224, 221, 571, 810-813,

capacity reallocation, 221-224,

property protections, 571,

Public Library of Science (PLoS), 579,

Public goods vs. nonrival goods, 79-83,

Public opinion, 338, 358, 367, 373,

iconic representations of, 367, 373,

synthesis of, 338, 358,

Public sphere, 27, 31-34, 324-328, 327, 331, 340, 356-358, 376-484, 385, 403, 416, 425, 429, 437, 467, 469, 473, 481, 515, 631, 642, 649, 686, 817-818,

Diebold Election Systems case study, 403-415, 469, 686-689,

Internet as concentrated vs. chaotic, 429-436,

authoritarian control, working around, 473-480,

basic communication tools, 385-393,

critiques that Internet democratizes, 416-428,

future of, 481-484,

liberal, design characteristics of, 331-339,

loose affiliations, 27-28, 631, 642, 649-653,

mass media platform for, 327-330, 340-341,

topology and connectivity of, 437-466,

transparency of Internet culture, 515-527,

watchdog functionality, 425, 467-472,

Public sphere relationships, 559, 577-583,

see social relations and norms publication, scientific, 559, 577-583,

Public-domain data, 559-560,

Putnum, Robert, 641,

Q

Quoting on Web, 392,

R

RCA (Radio Corporation of America), 346, 350-351,

RCA strategy, 91-92, 93,

RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), 733,

Radio, 341-354, 345, 346, 348, 363, 655, 682, 711-712,

as platform for human connection, 655-656,

as public sphere platform, 345,

market concentration, 363,

patents, 346, 348-349,

Radio Act of 1927, 352,

Radio B92, 475,

Radio telephony, 349,

Raw data, 559-560, 787,

database protection, 787-790,

Rawls, John, 338, 505, 544-545, 547,

Raymond, Eric, 132, 264, 464,

Raz, Joseph, 269,

Reallocating excess capacity, 166-181, 221-224, 297, 620-622,

Reallocation, 221-224, 291, 571,

property protections, 571,

wireless communications policy, 291,

Redistribution theory, 544-545,

Referencing on the Web, 392, 437, 791,

linking as trespass, 791-795,

power law distribution of Web site connections, 437-466,

Regional clusters in network topology, 34,

Regulated commons, 122,

Regulating information, efficiency of, 79-87, 100-104, 208-224, 810-813,

Regulation by social norms, 27, 41, 67, 120, 145-148, 157, 183, 208, 273, 421, 430, 459, 629-667, 631, 642, 649, 654, 659, 664, 818,

Internet and human coexistence, 664-666,

Internet as platform for, 654-658,

Slashdot mechanisms for, 157-160,

enforced norms with software, 659-663,

fragmentation of communication, 41, 421, 430-431, 459-460, 818-819,

loose affiliations, 27-28, 631, 642, 649-653,

motivation within, 183-187,

property, commons, and autonomy, 273-278,

software for, emergence of, 659-663,

technology-defined structure, 67-76,

thickening of preexisting relations, 631,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

working with social expectations, 649-653,

Reichman, Jerome, 789,

Relevance filtering, 34, 135, 151-161, 152, 153, 154, 155, 204, 297, 314-322, 317, 336-337, 355, 358, 397, 423, 425, 426, 429, 462-466, 467,

Amazon, 152-153,

Google, 153,

Open Directory Project (ODP), 154,

Slashdot, 155-161, 204-205,

as distributed system, 317-318,

as public good, 34,

by authoritarian countries, 426,

capacity for, by mass media, 358,

concentration of mass-media power, 297, 397-402, 423, 429-436,

power of mass media owners, 355, 358-365, 397-402,

watchdog functionality, 425, 467-472,

Repeater networks, 179-180,

Research, commons-based, 568-583, 584, 609, 624-628,

food and agricultural innovation, 584-608,

medical and pharmaceutical innovation, 609-623,

Responsive communications, 358,

Reuse of information, 81-83, 108,

Reynolds, Glenn, 470,

Rheingold, Howard, 393, 472, 634-636,

Right to read, 771,

Romantic Maximizer model, 90-92,

Rose, Carol, 122,

Routers, controlling information flow with, 281-284, 296, 298, 355-358, 702,

influence exaction, 296, 298-300,

Rubin, Aviel, 408,

S

SBG (Sinclair Broadcast Group), 360, 396-402,

SETI@home project, 168-170,

Sabel, Charles, 123, 218, 266,

Saltzer, Jerome, 705,

Sampling, digital (music), 777,

Samuelson, Pamela, 63, 730,

Sarnoff, David, 351,

Scholarly Lawyers model, 91-92, 94,

Scientific data, access to, 559-560,

Scientific publication, 559, 577,

commons-based welfare development, 577-583,

Scope of loose relations, 27-28,

Scope of loose relationships, 631,

Scott, William, 622,

Second Life game environment, 150, 263,

Security Systems Standards and Certification Act, 721,

Security of context, 273-278,

Security-related policy, 146, 695, 803-807,

vandalism on Wikipedia, 146-148,

Self-archiving of scientific publications, 580-581,

Self-determinims, extrinsic motivation and, 187,

Self-esteem, extrinsic motivation and, 187,

Self-organization, 40, 140, 154, 218, 525,

Open Directory Project, 154,

See clusters in network topology self-reflection, 40-41, 525-526,

Wikipedia project, 140-148,

self-identification as transaction cost, 218,

Services, software, 575-576,

Shaping perceptions of others, 281-288, 285, 295, 298, 315-316, 397, 531,

influence exaction, 295-296, 298-300,

with propaganda, 285, 397-402, 531-536,

Shapiro, Carl, 558,

Shareable goods, 220-222,

Sharing, 91, 98, 118-181, 166-181, 221, 225, 239, 297, 613, 620, 709, 711,

capacity, 711-712,

emergence of social production, 225-243,

excess capacity, 166-181, 221, 297, 620-622,

limited sharing networks, 91, 98,

open wireless networks, 709-714,

radio capacity, 711-712,

technology dependence of, 239-240,

university patents, 613-618,

Shirky, Clay, 81, 320, 455, 660,

"shoulders of giants", 81-83,

Shrink-wrap licenses, 778-781,

Sidewalk.com, 794,

Simon, Herbert, 441,

Sinclair Broadcast Group (SBG), 360, 396-402,

Skype utility, 176, 741,

Slashdot, 155-161, 204-205,

Small-worlds effect, 454-457,

Social action, 55-56,

Social capital, 189, 638-639, 640-653, 643, 649,

networked society, 649-653,

thickening of preexisting relations, 643-647,

Social clustering, 446-453,

Social production, relationship with market-based business, 244-250,

Social regulations and norms, 145-148,

Social relations and norms, 27, 41, 67, 120, 157, 183, 208, 273, 421, 430, 459, 629-667, 631, 642, 649, 654, 659, 664, 818,

Internet and human coexistence, 664-666,

Internet as platform for, 654-658,

Slashdot mechanisms for, 157-160,

enforced norms with software, 659-663,

fragmentation of communication, 41, 421, 430-431, 459-460, 818-819,

loose affiliations, 27-28, 631, 642, 649-653,

motivation within, 183-187,

property, commons, and autonomy, 273-278,

software for, emergence of, 659-663,

technology-defined structure, 67-76,

thickening of preexisting relations, 631,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

working with social expectations, 649-653,

Social software, 659-663,

Social structure, defined by technology, 67-76,

Social-democratic theories of justice, 550-554,

Software, 573, 659, 764,

commons-based welfare development, 573-576,

patents for, 764-766,

social, 659-663,

Software, open-source, 19, 37, 96, 125-132, 202, 247, 573, 762, 803,

as competition to market based business, 247,

commons-based welfare development, 573-576,

human development and justice, 37,

policy on, 762-763,

project modularity and granularity, 202,

security considerations, 803-807,

Solla Price, Derek (de Solla Price), 441,

Solum, Lawrence, 476-477,

Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, 776, 798,

Specificity of price, 214-219,

Speilberg, Steven, 732,

Stakes of information policy, 808-829,

Stallman, Richard, 20, 129-131,

Standardizing creativity, 214-219,

Starr, Paul, 45, 342-343, 682,

State, role of, 52-56,

Static Web pages, 388-389,

Steiner, Peter, 368,

Stolen Honor documentary, 397-402,

Storage capacity, 175, 218,

transaction costs, 218-244,

Strategies for information production, 88-99, 120, 208,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

Strogatz, Steven, 454,

Strongly connected Web sites, 448-450,

Structure of mass media, 327-330,

Structure of network, 171, 179, 278, 279, 319, 392, 437, 448, 451, 455, 737, 791, 805,

autonomy and, 278, 279-303,

emergent ordered structure, 455-460,

linking as trespass, 791-795,

moderately linked sites, 451,

peer-to-peer networks, 171-175, 737-752, 805,

power law distribution of Web site connections, 437-466,

quoting on Web, 392,

repeater network, 179-180,

strongly connected Web sites, 448-450,

Structure of organizations, 200-207, 221, 543,

granularity, 200-203, 221-222,

justice and, 543-545,

modularity, 200-203,

Structured production, 200-207, 204, 221,

granularity, 200-203, 221-222,

maintenance of cooperation, 204-205,

modularity, 200-203,

Sunstein, Cass, 421-422,

Supercomputers, 167-168,

Supplantation of real-world interaction, 631, 642-647,

Supply-side effects of information production, 95-96,

Sustainability of peer production, 208-224,

Symmetric commons, 122,

Syngenta, 597,

Synthesis of public opinion, 338, 358,

See also accreditation, 358,

T

TalkingPoints site, 398,

Taste, changes in, 249,

Taylor, Fredrick, 265,

Teaching materials, 582,

Technology, 44, 67, 111, 239, 385-393, 594, 659, 813,

agricultural, 594-610,

costs of, 813,

dependence on, for sharing, 239-240,

effectiveness of nonmarket strategies, 111-113,

enabling social sharing as production modality, 239-243,

role of, 44-46,

social software, 659-663,

social structure defined by, 67-76,

Telephone, as platform for human connection, 657,

Television, 262, 341, 355, 363, 366, 463, 638, 646,

Internet use vs., 638-639, 646,

culture of, 262,

large-audience programming, 355, 366-375, 463-464,

market concentration, 363,

Tendrils (Web topology), 448-450,

Term of copyright, 776, 798-799,

Text distribution as platform for human connection, 655-656,

Text messaging, 393, 647, 651,

Textbooks, 582,

The Halloween Memo, 245,

The Memory Hole, 203,

Thickening of preexisting relations, 631, 642-647,

Thinness of online relations, 638,

Thurmond, Strom, 470,

Ticketmaster, 794,

Tirole, Jean, 187, 207,

Tirole, Jean,von Hippel, Eric, 207,

Titmuss, Richard, 186, 343,

Tocqueville, Alexis, de, 342,

Toll broadcasting, 349-351, 349-351,

Tools, information-embedded, 558,

Toomey, Jenny, 245,

Topical clustering, 446-453,

Topology, network, 171, 179, 278, 279, 319, 392, 437, 448, 451, 455, 737, 791, 805,

autonomy and, 278, 279-303,

emergent ordered structure, 455-460,

linking as trespass, 791-795,

moderately linked sites, 451,

peer-to-peer networks, 171-175, 737-752, 805,

power law distribution of Web site connections, 437-466,

quoting on Web, 392,

repeater networks, 179-180,

strongly connected Web sites, 448-450,

Torvalds, Linus, 130, 205, 264,

Trade policy, 568-572, 624-628, 798-799,

Trademark dilutation, 522, 782-786,

Traditional model of communication, 16, 29, 31, 57-66, 120, 146, 208, 244, 309, 327, 340, 356, 539, 611, 671, 674-807, 679, 685, 695, 803, 808, 825-826,

autonomy and, 309-310,

barriers to justice, 539-540,

emerging role of mass media, 327-330, 340-341, 356-358,

enclosure movement, 671-672,

mapping, framework for, 685-698,

medical innovation and, 611,

path dependency, 679-684,

relationship with social producers, 244-250,

security-related policy, 146-148, 695, 803-807,

shift away from, 31-34,

stakes of information policy, 808-829,

structure of mass media, 327-330,

transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

Transaction costs, 120, 208-224,

Transfer of knowledge, 562,

Transparency of Internet culture, 515-527,

Transparency of free software, 575,

Transport channel policy, 701-717, 704, 709, 715,

broadband regulation, 704-708,

municipal broadband initiatives, 715-717,

open wireless networks, 709-714,

Trespass to chattels, 791-795,

Troll filters (Slashdot), 157,

Trusted systems, computers as, 721-722,

Tubes (Web topology), 448-450,

U

UCC (Uniform Commercial Code), 780,

UCITA (Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act), 778-781,

Uhlir, Paul, 789,

Universal intake, 335-336, 355-358,

University alliances, 598-604, 613-618,

University-owned-radio, 347,

Unregulated commons, 122,

Users as consumers, 249-250,

V

Vacuity of online relations, 638,

Vaidhyanathan, Silva, 501,

Value of online contact, 638,

Vandalism on Wikipedia, 146-148,

Variety of behavioral options, 286-288, 316,

Varmus, Harold, 559,

Virtual communities, 630-639,

see also social relations and norms, 630,

Visibility of mass media, 356,

Von Hippel, Eric, 20, 98, 250,

Voting, electronic, 403-415, 469, 686-689,

Vouching for others, network of, 653,

W

WELL (Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link), 636,

Walter, Benjamin, 530,

Walzer, Michael, 508,

Watchdog functionality, 425, 467-472,

Watts, Duncan, 454,

Weak ties of online relations, 638, 644,

Web, 387-391, 392, 437, 448, 463, 753, 759, 791,

backbone sites, 448-450, 463-464,

browser wars, 759-761,

domain name addresses, 753-758,

linking as trespass, 791-795,

power law distribution of Web site connections, 437-466,

quoting from other sites, 392,

Weber, Steve, 205,

Welfare, 255, 297, 427, 542, 550, 555, 568,

commons-based research, 568-583,

commons-based strategies, 550-554,

digital divide, 427,

freedom from constraint, 297-299,

information-based advantages, 555-562,

liberal theories of justice, 542-549,

see also justice and human development, 542,

Well-being, 50,

Wellman, Barry, 45, 642, 644, 650,

Westinghouse, 346-347, 350-351,

Wet-lab science, peer production of, 622-623,

Wikibooks project, 201,

Wikipedia project, 140-148, 205, 519,

Barbie doll content, 519-521,

Wikis as social software, 659-663,

Williamson, Oliver, 120,

Winner, Langdon, 45,

Wired communications, 290, 704,

market structure of, 290,

policy on, 704-708,

Wireless communications, 177-179, 289, 392, 437, 448, 463, 709, 715, 753, 759, 791,

backbone sites, 448-450, 463-464,

browser wars, 759-761,

domain name addresses, 753-758,

linking as trespass, 791-795,

municipal broadband initiatives, 715-717,

open networks, 709-714,

power law distribution of Web site connections, 437-466,

privatization vs. commons, 289-292,

quoting from other sites, 392,

Writable Web, 388-391,

Written communications as platform for human connection, 655-656,

X

Y

Z

Zipf, George, 441,

Zittrain, Jonathan, 477,