Index

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, 

A

AT&T, 350-352, 370-384, 371, 401, 446, 447, 464-471, 477, 556, 561, 566, 569, 591, 636, 688, 711, 885,

Bell Laboratories, 371-384, 688, 711-712,

divestiture in, 591,

divestiture in 1984, 447,

version of EMACS, 561, 566, 569,

version of UNIX, 401-402, 446,

Abelson, Hal, 741, 761-763,

Actor Network Theory, 67, 341, 789,

Adaptability, 40, 52, 618, 627, 642, 702, 708, 710,

adaptation vs., 618,

as a form of critique, 618-619, 702-705,

planning vs., 618-619, 627, 642-660, 708-713, 710-715,

Affinity (of geeks), 38-39, 80-83, 102, 130, 183-185, 237, 289, 339-340, 538, 729, 865, 874-876,

Allegory, of Protestant Reformation, 189-243, 288, 341, 433,

American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 457-458,

Amicas (corporation), 95-104, 134-136, 244-261, 435,

Anarchism, 628, 889,

Andreessen, Marc, 300-303, 664,

Antitrust, 160, 364, 473-475, 490,

Apache (Free Software project), 52, 322, 334, 620-624, 622-625, 661-689, 676, 691-692, 805,

individual vs. group innovation, 676-677,

Applied Data Research (corporation), 363,

Arendt, Hannah, 72,

Arpanet (network), 353, 403-410, 483-501, 519, 609, 630, 664,

Artificial Intelligence Lab (AI Lab), at MIT, 529-539, 608-614,

Artificial intelligence, 263-269, 274,

Attribution, 779, 818, 829, 849,

copyright licenses and, 779, 829,

copyright licensing and, 818-821,

dissavowal of, 849-855,

Authorship, 229, 567, 601, 755, 798, 814-843, 819,

moral rights of, 755,

ownership vs., 601, 819-822,

Availability, 40, 442, 480, 506, 886,

open systems and, 40-44, 442, 480-485, 506-507,

reorientation of power knowledge and, 886-891,

B

BSD License, 311, 313, 407-409,

Bangalore, 131-138,

Baraniuk, Richard, 721-757, 793, 865,

Barlow, John Perry, 137, 165, 775,

Behlendorf, Brian, 332-334, 665,

as head of Apache, 665-689,

Bentham, Jeremy, 522-523,

Berkeley Systems Distribution (BSD) (version of UNIX), 334, 401-410, 459, 508, 646, 674, 691, 710-711,

FreeBSD, 646, 674, 691,

Berkman Center for Internet and Society, 762-763,

Berlin, 65, 78-80, 111-113, 129, 134, 183,

Berners-Lee, Tim, 308-309, 509, 663,

Bitkeeper (Source Code Management software), 693-705,

Blogosphere, as recursive public, 877,

Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN), 404,

Bone, Jeff, 152-178,

Boyle, James, 89, 751, 759-762, 769, 780-782,

Brin, David, 157,

Brooks, Frederick, 364,

Brown, Glen Otis, 775-785, 843, 845-868,

Bruno, Giordano, 492,

Bugs, 318, 666, 687, 708-713,

Burris, C. Sidney, 735,

C

C (programming language), 350, 369,

COBOL (programming language), 360,

CONTU report, 594,

Calvinism, 286,

Cathedral and the Bazaar, 63, 323, 327-330, 720,

Censorship, 153, 159-160, 164-169,

Cerf, Vinton, 403, 497-499,

Chari, Bharath, 136,

Clark, David, 174, 178, 498,

Coleman, Gabriella, 517,

Collaboration, 442, 460, 680, 830, 884,

competition vs., 442, 460-482, 884,

different meanings of, 680-682,

forking vs., 830-833,

Commité Consultative de Information, Technologie et Télécommunications (CCITT), 489, 504,

Commons, 57-59, 100, 729-730,

Communities, 628, 743, 748, 812, 822, 823,

norms and, 812-813, 822, 823-843,

Comp.os.minix, 640, 643, 646,

"Linux is obsolete" debate on, 646,

Computer Corporation of America (CCA), 546-606, 591,

Concurrent Versioning System (cvs), 318, 623, 686, 690, 693,

Linux and, 693,

history of, 690-691,

Connexions project, 23, 29, 41, 58-59, 62, 722-729, 731, 735, 737, 738, 740, 741, 744, 748, 759, 769, 779, 798, 798, 799, 801, 808, 810, 814, 816,

Open CourseWare, 741-743, 769-771,

as "factory of knowledge", 738-741,

as Free Software project, 748-751,

connection to Creative Commons, 759-761, 769-771,

history and genesis of, 731-757,

line between content and software, 808,

meaning of publication, 798-813,

model of learning, 744-746,

model of learning in, 737,

modules in, 737-738,

relationship to education, 740-742,

relationship to hypertext, 779,

roles in, 810, 814-843, 816,

stages of producing a document in, 799, 801-804,

textbooks and, 735-739, 798-813,

Content, 750-755,

Control, relationship to power, 215, 218,

Coordination (component of Free Software), 52, 315-321, 616-619, 618, 626-635, 636, 648, 662, 666-716, 679, 697, 710, 728, 743, 748, 756, 813, 824,

individual virtuosity vs. hierarchical planning, 618-620, 648-658, 662-665, 679-683, 710-711,

modulations of, 697-705, 743, 748, 756, 813, 824-833,

of Linux vs. Minix, 636-648,

Copyleft licenses (component of Free Software), 147, 310-314, 407, 513, 514-624, 524, 744, 748, 751, 762, 779, 825, 830, 836, 848, 849, 887,

Creative Commons version, 848-868,

as hack of copyright law, 524-525,

commercial use and, 779,

derivative uses and, 779, 825-832, 836, 849-851,

disavowal clause in, 849-855,

forking and, 830,

modulations of, 744-746, 748, 751-757, 762, 825,

Copyright, 28-29, 229-231, 391, 524-525, 525, 539, 545, 586, 604, 765, 807, 815,

changes in 1976, 391, 525, 539, 586-606,

changes in 1980, 539, 586-606,

infringement and software, 545-615,

legal definition of software and, 545-615,

requirement to register, 586, 765,

rights granted by, 525,

software and copyrightability, 545, 586-589,

specificity of media and, 807-808,

transfer of, 604,

works for hire, 815,

Copyright infringement, 558, 561, 568, 569, 582, 586, 600, 603,

EMACS controversy and, 558, 569-587,

infringement on own invention, 582,

legal threats and, 568, 603-605,

permissions and, 561-606,

redistribution of software as, 600,

Crain, Patricia, 228-229,

Creative Commons, 23, 29, 41, 58-59, 62, 729-730, 759-785, 762, 765, 769, 778, 818-820, 848,

activism of, 765-766,

connection to Connexions, 759-761, 769-771,

marketing of, 778,

origin and history of, 762-766,

writing of licenses, 848-868,

Credit, 815-820, 849-855, 888,

see also attribution, 849, 888,

Critique, Free Software as, 618-619, 660, 702-705, 716,

Cultural significance, 45-46, 727, 787, 878,

Culture, 20, 115, 134, 723, 844, 856, 860,

Creative Commons version of, 856-868,

as experimental system, 20,

law vs., 860-863,

punting to, 844-868,

Cygnus Solutions (corporation), 298, 332,

D

Debugging, 638-643, 666, 681, 708,

patching vs., 666, 681-683, 708-713,

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 403-410, 496-497,

Defense, Department of, 496-507,

Delanda, Manuel, 520,

Design, 245-247, 392-394, 533-534, 651, 653,

evolution, and, 653-660,

Dewey, John, 75, 241, 522, 716, 718,

Diff (software tool), 379-381, 400, 688, 711,

history of, 688-690,

Differentiation of software, 352, 401, 412-413, 453-454, 677,

in Apache, 677-683,

see also forking and sharing source code, 677-683,

Digital Equipment Corporation (corporation), 423-424, 487, 556-557,

DECNet, 487,

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 298,

Digital signal processing (DSP), 722, 734, 793, 813,

Disney, Walt, 767,

Distance learning, 740-742,

Distributed phenomena, ethnography of, 65-71,

Domain Name System (DNS), 156, 322,

Dotcom era, 332-336,

Doyle, Sean, 93-99, 129, 165, 183, 219-225, 244-247, 256-261, 435,

Dyson, Esther, 165,

E

EMACS (text editor), 211, 519-624, 527, 532, 541, 544, 558, 629, 645, 701, 754, 887,

controversy about, 541-584, 701, 887,

ersatz versions, 532, 541-547, 544,

legal status of, 558-606,

modularity and extensibility of, 527-534,

number of users, 645,

EMACS commune, 535-554, 555, 568-569,

Editions, print vs. electronic, 805-808,

see also versions, 805,

Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 795-796, 803,

Eldred, Eric, 761-764,

End User License Agreements (EULAs), 517,

Enlightenment, 190-193, 238-241, 260-261, 751, 796,

Entrepreneurialism, 102-106, 247-255, 889,

Ethnographic data, 68, 519,

availability of, 68-73, 519,

mailing lists and, 519-520,

Ethnography, 63-64, 79-80, 341-342,

Evil, 219-225, 232-233, 309, 435,

Experiment, collective technical, 53-55, 293, 886-889,

Experimentation, 522, 606, 620, 623-624, 714-716, 718, 726-727, 783-784, 832-833,

administrative reform as, 522-523,

see also modulations, 726,

Extensible Mark-up Language (XML), 802-803, 833,

Extropians, 264,

F

FORTRAN (programming language), 355, 360,

Fair use, 586-587, 595, 865,

Feyerabend, Paul, 259-260,

Figuring out, 58-59, 62-63, 192, 340-342, 419, 451-452, 522, 705, 770-785, 789, 826-829, 835, 881,

File Transfer Protocol (ftp), 639,

Finality, 41-43, 789-846, 803, 810,

certainty and stability vs., 789,

fixity vs., 810,

in Wikipedia and Connexions, 803-804,

Firefox, 295, 319-320,

see also Netscape Navigator, 319,

Fixity, 796-803, 810,

Folklore of Internet, 164,

see also usable pasts, 164,

Forking, 397-410, 677, 694, 827,

in Apache, 677-683,

in Connexions, 827-843,

in Linux, 694-695,

Foucault, Michel, 193, 238-241,

Free Documentation License (FDL), 754-755, 754-755,

Free Software, 19-22, 20, 25, 45, 48, 55, 291-346, 292, 297, 338, 377, 617, 696, 720, 727, 794,

anthropology and, 720-721,

as experimental system, 20, 45-59, 292-293,

components of, 727-728,

modulations of, 55, 794,

nonfree tools and, 696-705,

open source vs., 20-22, 48, 297-298, 338-346, 617,

passim, 377,

relation to Internet, 25,

Free Software Foundation, 103, 297-298, 324, 328, 604-612, 614, 629, 644-645, 834-835,

Linux and Apache vs., 614-615,

cult status of, 629-638,

Free software, 480,

components of, 480,

FreeBSD, 646, 674, 691,

Freeware summit, 323-328,

Fun, and development of Linux, 623, 645-646, 697,

Futurology, 262-282,

G

GNU (Gnu's Not Unix), 480, 544-584,

GNU C Compiler (gcc), 202-208, 523, 629, 637,

GNU Hurd (kernel), 629,

GNU Manifesto, 551-558, 583,

GOSMACS (version of EMACS), 601, 712,

Geeks, 20-21, 27, 63, 77-83, 101-109, 106, 190-196, 193, 240, 281, 288-289, 299-302, 341, 345, 501, 512, 609, 716, 772, 812,

as moderns, 193, 240, 281-284, 716,

hackers vs., 106-109,

self-representation, 63, 341-342,

Geertz, Clifford, 122-125,

Gender, 135, 280, 721,

General Motors (GM), 431, 503,

General Public License (GPL), 310-313, 514-624, 610, 629, 698, 754,

development of, 610-612,

passim, 698, 754,

Gilmore, John, 164-165,

Goals, lack of in Free Software, 618-619, 681-683, 791,

norms as, 791,

Goody, Jack, 795,

Gosling, James, 543-607, 712,

GOSMACS (version of EMACS), 543-584,

Grassmuck, Volker, 113,

Gropper, Adrian, 93-99, 129, 247-255, 435,

Grune, Dick, 690,

Gulhati, Ashish, 174,

H

Habermas, Jürgen, 71-73, 117, 148,

Hacker ethic, 51, 519-520, 570-572, 606-615,

Hackers, 106-109, 330-334, 519, 606, 618, 626-627,

curiosity and virtuosity of, 618-619,

hacks and, 519-526,

Hahn, Eric, 307, 323,

Harthill, Rob, 671-683,

Hayden, Robert, 107-109,

Hayek, Friedrich, 241, 286, 485,

Healthcare, 248, 250,

allocation of, 250-255,

information technology in, 248-255,

Hecker, Frank, 306-307, 323,

Hendricks, Brent, 721-757, 793, 812, 815-829, 836, 865,

Hierarchy, in coordination, 618-623, 648-658,

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 847,

Hopper, Grace, 355,

Housman, A. E., 821,

Httpd, 622, 663-685,

Huxley, Julian, 265,

Hypertext Transfer Mark-up Language (HTML), 663, 803,

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http), 222, 509, 663,

I

Ideology, 119-125,

Implementation of software, 349,

Informatics (corporation), 363,

Information society, 31, 70,

see also public sphere, 70,

Infrastructure, 104, 184-188, 233-237, 417, 479-480, 613, 620, 631, 750, 797, 886,

of publishing, 750-753, 797,

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 457-460, 473,

Institutional economics, 780-782,

Intel (corporation), 422-424, 476,

Intellectual property, 193, 196, 231, 233, 298, 305, 310, 328-329, 349, 388-391, 407-409, 418, 436-442, 514-624, 567, 592, 595-615, 849, 884-887,

strategy and, 567-584, 592-593, 849-865,

International Business Machines (IBM), 214, 349, 423-424, 459-461,

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 489-493, 492-495, 883,

International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 489-495,

Internet, 25-37, 36, 67-68, 78-83, 101, 115, 131, 139, 150, 152, 162-171, 164, 172-181, 489, 627, 882,

India and, 131-138,

early development, 489-494, 627-628,

folklore and, 164,

geeks and, 101-109,

idea of order and, 115-116,

public spheres and, 139-164,

relation to Free Software, 25, 627-628,

singularity of, 36, 150, 152, 882-889,

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 173-181, 507,

Internet Society (ISOC), 178, 507,

Interoperability, 418-439, 462, 480, 494-506,

Intervention, technology as, 194, 247-289, 780, 811,

J

Johns, Adrian, 795-798,

Joy, Bill, 400-409, 432-433, 461, 528, 557, 712,

Justice, Department of, 301, 364,

K

Kahn, Robert, 403, 497,

Kant, Immanuel, 193, 238-239, 261, 520, 716,

Katz, Lou, 379-382,

Keynes, John Maynard, 485,

Kittler, Friedrich, 795,

L

LISP (programming language), 360, 599,

interpreter in EMACS, 599,

LaTeX (typesetting language), 801,

Labalme, Fen, 564-572,

Lag, technological, 256-258,

Latour, Bruno, 796,

Legitimacy, 30,

circulation of knowledge and, 30-38,

Legitimacy, circulation of knowledge and, 878-884,

Leitl, Eugene, 152, 175, 274-282, 336,

Lessig, Lawrence, 168-170, 761-785, 767, 780, 861,

law and economics and, 780-782, 861,

style of presentations, 767-768,

Liberalism, classical, 157,

Libertarianism, 164-165, 328,

Licensing, of UNIX, 371-377,

Licklider, J. C. R., 403,

Linux (Free Software project), 52, 209, 322, 335, 396, 511, 608, 619-627, 630, 649, 651, 684, 691, 693, 736, 805,

Source Code Management tools and, 684-705,

VGER tree and, 693-695,

origins in Minix, 396, 630-649,

planning vs. adaptability in, 651-660,

process of decision making, 649-653,

Lions, John, 386-396,

Locke, John, 157,

Luther, Martin, 196-211,

M

Mainframes, 422-426,

Malmud, Carl, 491-492,

Mannheim, Karl, 122-123,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 103, 608-614, 741,

open courseware and, 741-743,

McCool, Rob, 300, 622, 663-666,

McGill, Scott, 821,

McIlroy, Douglas, 370, 688,

McKenna, Regis, 439-440,

McLuhan, Marshall, 803,

McVoy, Larry, 694-705,

Meaning, regulation through law, 861,

MedCommons, 100-102,

Mergers, 462-464,

Merton, Robert, 791, 810, 890,

Mertonian norms, 791, 810, 890,

Metcalfe's Law, 157,

Mickey Mouse, 767,

Microcomputers, 426-428,

Microsoft, 213, 221, 225, 229, 301, 309, 387, 409, 461, 476, 709,

Internet Explorer, 221, 225, 229, 301-302,

Windows operating system, 387, 409, 476,

as Catholic Church, 213-214, 225-234,

Mikro e.V., 112-113,

Mill, John Stuart, 157, 241,

Miller, Dave, 693,

Minix (operating system), 394-396, 398-399, 621-622, 644,

goals of, 644-648,

Minix (operating systems), 630-649,

Modernity, 238-240, 838,

tradition and, 838-839,

Modifiability, 38-44, 40-44, 41, 58-59, 441-442, 442, 480-485, 480-484, 508, 534, 592, 637-639, 652, 682, 710-713, 751-755, 773-779, 789, 824-827, 837, 887-891,

EMACS and, 534-546,

implications for finality, 41-43, 789-829,

modularity in software, 652-653, 682,

relation of different disciplines to, 837,

Modulation, 55, 622, 721, 726, 743, 747, 773, 783, 871,

of Free Software, 55-59, 622, 721, 783, 871-876,

practices of, 726-730, 743-746, 747-757, 773-775,

Monopoly, 160, 351, 364, 371, 417-418, 435, 438-441, 460, 476,

Montgomery, Warren, 560, 591,

Moody, Glyn, 64, 694,

Moore's Law, 157,

Moral and technical order, 79-82, 129-130, 148-150, 164, 173-174, 184, 188, 190, 194, 235, 273, 331, 342, 348, 384, 408-413, 417-420, 435-436, 452, 482, 511, 534-541, 631, 705, 730, 764, 771-772, 838, 865, 871, 884-889,

Mosaic (web browser), 300-303, 509, 664,

Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), 160,

Movement (component of Free Software), 48, 292-295, 322-346, 339, 624, 728-730, 833, 876,

function of, 339-342,

modulations of, 833-835, 876,

Mozilla, 222, 300-323,

Mozilla Public License (MPL), 311-313,

Multi-User Dungeons (MUDS), 628,

Multics, 369-370, 531,

Music, 132-133, 182, 185, 804, 861-864, 875,

production, 804,

recursive public and, 875,

N

Napster, 27, 80-82, 149, 151-172, 173-181, 188, 193, 278, 420, 766,

National Center for Super Computing Applications (NCSA), 300-303, 622, 664-666,

Nesson, Charlie, 775,

Net neutrality, 36,

Net.emacs (mailing list), 546-584,

Netscape, 47-48, 295-321, 330-331,

Netscape Navigator, 319-320,

Netscape Navigator (application), 47, 295-321, 509,

Netscape Public License (NPL), 311,

Networks, 482, 487,

as products, 487,

protools for, 482-485,

varieties of, 487-491,

New httpd (mailing list), 665-689,

Norms, 59, 168, 786-798, 790, 813, 825, 827, 835, 839-843, 841-845, 842, 843, 851, 858, 859,

academic, 813, 827-832, 851-856,

channeling by legal means, 843, 859-865,

coordination and, 825,

cultural, 835, 842-843, 858,

evolution and, 841-843,

existence of, 59, 790-791, 839-843,

practices and technology vs., 835-843,

Novell, 477,

Novelty, of Free Software, 619, 704-705,

O

Ong, Walter, 795,

Ontology, 383, 395, 412, 660,

of UNIX operating system, 383-385, 395, 412-413,

of linux, 660,

Open CourseWare (OCW), 741-743, 769-771,

Open Software Foundation (OSF), 452,

Open Source, 20, 48, 297, 324, 335, 478, 617, 736,

"Open Source Definition", 324-325,

Free Software vs., 20-22, 48, 297, 335-346, 617,

inspiration for Connexions, 736-763,

Open Source Initiative, 325,

Open Sources, 334,

Open Systems, 47, 50, 112, 308-310, 414-513, 434, 447, 481, 519, 540, 612, 884-887,

intellectual property and, 434-442,

networks and, 481-509,

operating systems and, 447-479,

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), 353, 400, 419, 482,

TCP/IP, 353, 400-406,

as reference model, 419, 482-509,

Open access, 21-23, 876,

recursive public and, 876,

Open content licenses, 755,

Openness, 47-50,

Openness (component of Free Software), 412, 414-442, 418, 419, 429, 432, 432, 434, 466, 471, 476, 476-486, 749-751, 751, 825,

closure vs., 434-442,

definition of, 432-439,

goals of, 429,

intellectual property and, 418,

modulations of, 749-753, 825,

proprietary vs., 432-434, 466, 476, 751-755,

standardization and, 419, 471,

sustainability vs., 751-755,

Operating systems, history of, 350-390,

O’Reilly Press, 323-324, 334,

O’Reilly, Tim, 323,

P

POSIX (standard), 452, 457-458,

Packet-switching, 496-497,

Participant observation, 721, 783-784, 790-791, 848,

writing copyright licenses as, 848-868,

Pascal (programming language), 400-402,

Patches (software), 649-652, 661, 666,

debugging vs., 666,

voting in software development and, 661-689,

Patents on software, 586-587,

Pedagogy, 348, 412, 480, 504, 630, 643, 729,

Minix and, 643-646,

network protocols and, 504,

operating systems and, 348-350, 412-413, 480, 630-631,

Peer production, 617, 885,

Perens, Bruce, 313, 323, 701,

Perl (programming language), 54, 201, 323, 625,

Permission, 817-826,

Planning, 42-43, 180, 618-619, 710-712,

Polymaths, 234, 780, 811,

transhumanists vs., 234-289,

Portability, of operating systems, 360-368, 446-450,

Power, relationship to control, 215, 225,

see also reorientation of power and knowledge, 225,

Practices, 29, 41-44, 292, 338-342, 341, 518, 520, 586, 617, 726, 743, 748, 835, 872-874,

"archival hubris", 341,

five components of Free Software, 29, 292, 520-522, 617-619, 726, 743-746, 748, 872-874,

norms vs., 835-843,

opposed to legal changes, 586-588,

stories as, 341,

Pragmatism, 259,

Prentice Hall, 639-640,

Printing press, 795-797, 809,

Programming, 175-176, 244-247, 350-361,

Programming languages, 199-201, 350-396,

Progress, 190-193, 237, 266-271, 281-288,

Proliferation of software, 351-352, 359-361, 412-413, 453-454, 531-532, 613, 885,

Proprietary systems, 95, 371, 416, 422,

closed, 95,

lock-in and, 422,

open vs., 371, 416-418,

Protestant Reformation, 160, 189-243, 433,

as usable past, 160,

Protocols, 164, 177, 353, 400, 419, 482,

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), 419, 482-509,

TCP/IP, 164, 177-178, 419, 482,

distinguished from standards and implementation, 353, 400,

Public, 23-29, 30-33, 115-130, 142, 144, 148, 181-188, 233, 835, 872-877,

autotelic and independent, 144-145, 148-150, 835,

see also recursive public, 835, 872-877,

self-grounding of, 142-146,

Public domain, 308, 351, 549, 765-769, 782, 818, 821,

Creative Commons licenses and, 818-820,

contrasted with free, 549-561,

environmentalism and, 782,

literary texts in, 821,

Public sphere, 25, 34, 38, 70, 115, 620, 879,

recursive public vs., 34, 38-39, 879-883,

see also public, recursive public, 879-883,

theories of, 25, 70-73, 115-130, 620,

Publication, 147-148, 161-163, 790, 798,

as notional event, 798-799,

transformation by Internet, 790-829,

Python (programming language), 201, 625,

Q

QED (text editor), 529,

R

RCS (software tool), 689-690,

see also Source Code Management tools, 689,

Raelians, 264,

Rand, Ayn, 157,

Raymond, Eric Steven, 63-64, 297, 323, 325, 327-330, 334-335, 334-335, 338, 341, 344, 448, 626, 708, 720-724,

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 152-153, 159-160, 174, 766,

Recursion, definition of, 84-89,

Recursive public, 23, 32, 35, 77-89, 82, 88, 149, 154, 168, 174, 233, 312, 342, 351, 374, 393-399, 506-509, 520, 538, 619-620, 660, 685, 702, 716, 727-730, 729, 787-789, 812, 835, 865,

definition of, 23, 32-67,

examples of, 154-182, 729-730,

layers of, 35-36, 82, 88, 149, 154-156, 168-170, 174-177, 685, 702-703,

precursors of, 351, 374,

Red Hat (corporation), 332,

Redd, Kross, 777,

Redistribution of software, 600-604,

Reedstrom, Ross, 736, 742, 793, 836,

Reformation vs. revolution, 196, 215, 253,

Regulation, 168, 489,

Internet, 168,

telecommunications, 489-492,

Religion, 135-136, 248,

Religious wars, 196-201, 482-485,

Reorientation of power and knowledge, 20-21, 30-44, 182, 346, 441, 501, 520, 716, 782, 788-790, 795, 806-810, 872-891,

Request for Comments (RFC), 171, 172-179, 483, 499-501, 883,

Reverse engineering, 701,

Rheingold, Howard, 137, 165, 627,

Rice University, 720-723, 735, 769,

legal counsel of, 769,

Richards, Paul, 691,

Ricoeur, Paul, 124-125,

Ritchie, Dennis, 369-388, 413, 710-712,

Roles, in Connexions, 814-843,

Rumor on Usenet, 558-565, 627-635, 664,

S

SCO (corporation), 450, 477,

Sahlins, Marshall, 849-851,

Salus, Peter, 64, 375-381, 405,

Sampling, musical, 861-864,

Second Life, as recursive public, 877,

Secrecy, 303-309, 349-356, 474, 500-501, 534, 592,

Shakar, Udhay, 132-138, 165,

Shambhala, 677-683, 691,

see also Apache, 691,

Shannon, Claude, 111,

Sharing source code (component of Free Software), 48, 348-398, 355, 378, 379, 387, 398-413, 518, 743, 747, 765, 824,

before Software, 355-360,

legal aspects, 379-383,

modulations of, 743-746, 747-757, 765, 824,

pedagogical aspects, 378, 387-396,

technical aspects, 379-384,

Silk-list (mailing list), 136-141, 139,

as a public, 139-151,

Singularity, 157, 267-276,

Skolnick, Cliff, 668, 672, 674,

Social imaginary, 44, 70-72, 115-130, 118, 124, 142-146, 164-174, 191, 342, 430, 482, 518, 764, 772-773, 880,

ideology vs., 118-121, 124-130,

Social movement, theories of, 339,

Software, 500, 545, 586, 595,

copyrightability of, 545-615,

implementation of, 500,

legal definition of source code and, 595-600,

registration of copyright, 586, 595-596,

Software development, 243-246, 316-318, 327-334, 339-340, 584, 661, 666, 691, 713,

Apache project, 666-683,

as spectrum, 713,

creating vs. maintaining, 584,

patch and vote method, 661-689, 691,

Software manuals, 754,

Software tools, 318, 377-379, 687-688,

Solaris (operating system), 409, 450, 464,

Source Code Management tools (SCMs), 617, 623, 684-705, 685, 686, 687, 691, 693,

as tool for distribution, 687-688,

definition of, 685-686,

right to "commit" change, 691-692,

see also Bitkeeper, 693,

see also Concurrent Versioning System (cvs), 686,

Source code, 355, 359, 361-368, 442-444, 587-588, 595,

batch processing, 359,

legal definition and, 595-600,

translation of, 355-360,

Sparc (computer workstation), 409, 488,

Stallman, Richard, 211, 297-298, 313, 324, 327-330, 332-334, 338, 341, 344, 514-624, 626, 697, 754, 887,

Stallman,Richard, 645,

Standards, 95, 112, 149, 173, 222, 229, 233, 244, 309, 359, 415-417, 427, 437, 438-442, 445, 452, 458, 473, 485, 500, 508, 883-884,

Internet, 95, 112, 149, 173-179, 222, 229, 233,

as form of competition, 427-428, 437-438, 445-452, 458-482,

implementation, 458, 500-509,

interface definition as, 452-458,

ownership of, 309, 473,

programming languages, 359-362,

validation of, 485, 500, 508,

Standards organizations, 419, 454-480, 501,

Standards processes, 173-175, 178-180, 412, 482-485, 491-495, 499, 883-884,

Sun Microsystems, 303, 400, 461-470, 556-557, 696,

Sundaram, Ram, 136,

System V Interface Definition (SVID), 458,

T

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 164, 177, 353, 400, 419, 482-509, 497,

goals of, 497-499,

included in BSD, 400-406,

TECO (text editor and programming language), 529-530, 572, 598,

Tanenbaum, Andrew, 386-387, 394, 621-648, 630, 639,

Minix and, 394-399, 630, 639-648,

Taylor, Charles, 72, 117-120, 126-129, 140-142, 173,

Tcl/tk (programming language), 201, 625,

TeX, 54,

Technology, 27, 32, 34, 39, 82, 251, 256, 282, 780,

as argument, 27, 34, 39, 82, 282-283, 780-783,

lag, 256-258,

meanings of, 251-258,

politics of, 32,

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 265,

Telecommunications industry, 489-494,

Terbush, Randy, 678,

Text editors, 358-359, 401-402, 527-540,

Textbooks, 394, 639, 722, 750, 834,

model in Connexions, 750-753, 834-835,

on operating systems and networks, 394-395, 639-640,

Thau, Robert, 677-683,

Thompson, Ken, 369-385, 400-401, 413, 688,

Time, 241, 256, 262, 267, 281,

initial conditions and, 281-282,

singularity and, 267-271,

technical progress and, 241, 256-258, 262-282,

Torek, Chris, 601,

Torvalds, Linus, 209-210, 326, 332, 338, 608, 623-626, 626, 693,

autobiography of, 626,

in bitkeeper controversy, 693-705,

Trade secret law, 377, 390-391, 398-399, 545, 586-592, 589, 597,

relationship to public domain, 589-592,

Trademark law, 407, 545,

Transhumanism, 157, 189, 194, 234, 265, 267, 811,

Julian Huxley and, 265,

polymaths vs., 234-289,

singularity and, 267-271,

Translation of source code, 355-360,

Traweek, Sharon, 860,

Trigdell, Andrew, 701,

Turing, Alan, 355-357,

U

UNIX International, 452, 469-472,

UNIX operating system, 202, 350-353, 353, 367, 387, 394, 401, 443, 448, 449, 626, 710, 805, 885,

Open Systems and, 443-480,

Windows operating system vs., 387,

allegiance to versions of, 448-449, 805, 885,

as commercial product, 394,

as part of speech, 449,

development of, 710-711,

history of, 367-385, 443-480,

relationship to Arpanet, 353, 401-408,

standardization and, 443-480,

UNIX philosophy, 353, 386-387, 413,

UNIX wars, 446, 469-472,

Unbundling, 349, 362-364,

Uncertainty, in the law, 586-606,

Unipress, 543-584, 599,

Unisys, 462-464,

Unix to Unix copy protocol (uucp), 488,

Usable pasts, 191-193, 213, 235, 282-288, 334, 344, 433, 492,

Usenet, 488, 519, 558, 597, 609, 627, 664,

rumor on, 558-565, 627-635, 664,

Usenix (user group), 377,

User groups, 456-457, 664,

/usr/group, 456-460,

Users, status in Connexions, 815,

V

VA Linux (corporation), 298, 332-335,

Vi (text editor), 401-402, 528,

Vinge, Vernor, 157, 267,

W

Wall, Larry, 332,

Warner, Michael, 117, 142-146,

Weber, Max, 66,

Weber, Steven, 314, 649, 707,

White Stripes, 777-778,

Wikipedia (collaborative encyclopedia), 26, 803-804, 815, 832,

Wiley, Davis, 755,

Wilson, Andrew, 668-670, 674,

Wired (magazine), 137, 165, 664,

HotWired (online version of Wired), 664-665,

Workstations, 446, 461-464,

World Wide Web (www), 303, 308, 484, 509, 663-665,

World Wide Web consortium (w3c), 309,

X

X Windows, 480,

X/Open Consortium, 452, 459-479, 465,

Xerox PARC, 488,

Y

Z

Zawinski, Jamie, 300-305, 319-322,

Zimmerman, Steve, 546-606, 591, 605,