Stian Øby Johansen

• Fredriksen, Halvard Haukeland & Johansen, Stian Øby (2020). The EEA Agreement as a Jack-in-the-box in the Relationship Between the CJEU and the European Court of Human Rights?. European Papers (EP).  ISSN 2499-8249.  5(2), s 707- 743 . doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/421 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  In the scholarly debate about the relationship between the European Court of Human Rights and the CJEU, the potential impact of the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) is often overlooked. Unless the European Court of Human Rights’ equivalent protection doctrine is extended to the EEA, the door is open for indirect ECHR review of all the parts of EU law that have been made part of the EEA Agreement and as such implemented into the national laws of the participating European Free Trade Association (EFTA) States. The impact of CJEU case-law in the EFTA pillar of the EEA is such that this will come very close to full (albeit indirect) scrutiny of the CJEU’s protection of fundamental rights within the EU’s internal market. An extension of the equivalent protection doctrine to EEA law admittedly presupposes a novel approach to the question of whether an international treaty establishes a system that offers a level of human rights protection equivalent to that of the ECHR, and to the limitation to strict legal obligations established in Bosphorus. Nevertheless, we submit that the European Court of Human Rights ought to rethink its apparent opposition to the idea. This will also offer an opportunity to clarify the relationship between the judgments in Matthews and Bosphorus with regard to obligations flowing from international treaties to which Member States have freely entered into.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019). Dual Attribution of Conduct to both an International Organisation and a Member State. Oslo Law Review.  ISSN 2387-3299.  6(3), s 178- 197 . doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-3299-2019-03-01 Show summary

  Responsibility, and in particular attribution of conduct, is one of the most intensely debated issues of public international law in the last couple of decades. In this article I seek to determine whether, how, and when acts or omissions may be attributed both to an international organisation and a member State (dual attribution). My aim is to clarify what dual attribution is, and what it is not. This is done in two steps. First, I (a) define the concept of dual attribution, (b) demonstrate that dual attribution is possible under the current law of international responsibility, and (c) establish a typology of dual attribution. Second, dual attribution is distinguished from three forms of shared responsibility. These are situations of two acts or omissions leading to one injury, derived responsibility, and the notion of piercing the corporate veil of international organisation. I end the article by criticising the disproportionate attention given to dual attribution in legal scholarship, given its limited practical utility.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019). Suing the European Union in the UK: Tomanović et. al. v. the European Union et. al.. European Papers (EP).  ISSN 2499-8249.  4(1), s 345- 357 . doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/295 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  In its judgment of 13 February 2019 in the case of Tomanović et. al. v. the European Union et. al., the English High Court of Justice dismissed several claims based on human rights violations by EULEX Kosovo. Although the High Court’s dismissal was ultimately based on the lacking incorporation of the Treaty provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy into domestic law, the judgment contains extensive obiter dicta discussing key Union law matters. In this Insight I summarize, contextualize and reflect critically upon the High Court’s reasoning. In particular, I focus on the extent of the Court of Justice’s jurisdiction over – and the application of the Foto-Frost principle to – the CFSP.

• Kielland, Torger; Johansen, Stian Øby & Ellingsen, Hilde K. (2018). Norway, In José Luís da Cruz Vilaça; Rita Leandro Vasconcelos; Miguel Gorjão-Henriques & Alberto Saavedra (ed.),  The internal market and the digital economy. Congress Procceedings Vol.1.  Livraria Almedina.  ISBN 978-972-40-7478-8.  Norway.  s 542 - 550
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2017). Accountability Mechanisms for Human Rights Violations by CSDP Missions: Available and Sufficient?. International and Comparative Law Quarterly.  ISSN 0020-5893.  66(1), s 181- 207 . doi: 10.1017/S0020589316000439 Show summary

  This article demonstrates that it is doubtful whether the accountability mechanisms available in connection with operative missions conducted under the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) provide a sufficient level of protection when human rights are violated. The assessment of the CSDP accountability mechanisms—the Court of Justice of the European Union, domestic courts of EU Member States, and other mechanisms at the international level—is conducted in light of the requirements laid down in Article 13 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The consequences of the insufficiency of these mechanisms for the EU's accession to the ECHR are also touched upon.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2015). The Reinterpretation of TFEU Article 344 in Opinion 2/13 and Its Potential Consequences. German Law Journal.  ISSN 2071-8322.  16(1), s 169- 178 . doi: 10.1017/s2071832200019465 Full text in Research Archive.

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• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020). The Human Rights Accountability Mechanisms of International Organizations. Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 9781108495677.  301 s. Show summary

  International organizations are becoming increasingly powerful. Today, they affect the lives of individuals across the globe through their decisions and conduct. Consequently, international organizations are more capable of violating the human rights of individuals. But how can they be held to account for such violations? This book studies the procedural mechanisms that may hold international organizations to account for their human rights violations. It establishes a general framework for identifying, analyzing, and assessing the accountability mechanisms of international organizations. This general framework is then applied to three distinct cases: the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy missions, refugee camp administration by the UNHCR, and detention by the International Criminal Court. The overall conclusion is that none of the existing accountability mechanisms across the three cases fulfill the normative requirements set out in the general framework. However, there are significant variations between cases, and between different types of accountability mechanisms.

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• Johansen, Stian Øby (2021, 04. januar). Dagsnytt 18: "Nekter å utlevere Julian Assange til USA". [TV].  NRK1.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020). Blog post: "Human Rights Accountability of CSDP Missions on Migration". Show summary

  When it comes to the availability and functioning of accountability mechanisms, there is less uniformity and significant gaps. These gaps are increasingly becoming visible in the area of immigration and asylum, where the powers of the Union and its agencies have been rapidly expanding over the last few years, in response to the so-called “migration crisis” of 2015.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020). Blog post: "The negotiations on the EU’s accession to the ECHR have resumed". Show summary

  From 29 September to 1 October 2020 the so-called 47+1 Group, which consists of representatives of all Council of Europe Member States and the European Union, held their first formal negotiation meeting on the EU’s accession to the ECHR since the 2013 Draft Accession Agreement (DAA) was rejected by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Opinion 2/13. In this blog post, I analyze the meeting report, and take stock of the progress made so far.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020). Blogginnlegg: "Lynanalyse: sak E-4/19 Campbell mot Norge".
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020, 08. januar). Borgarting sier nei til universaljurisdiksjon for deltagelse i terrororganisasjon. [Internett]. Show summary

  En sak lagmannsretten avgjorde i romjulen, sier at Norge ikke har adgang til å straffe utenlandske statsborgere for deltakelse i terrororganisasjoner i utlandet.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020, 12. oktober). Derfor skaper EU-dommen trøbbel for e-tjenesteloven. [Internett].  Rett24. Show summary

  Da den norske e-tjenesteloven ble utarbeidet, la departementet til grunn at EU-reglene bare regulerer kriminalitetsbekjempelse – ikke spørsmål om nasjonal sikkerhet.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020, 27. oktober). EU military mission aids pull-backs to Libya, with no avenues for legal accountability. [Internett].  Statewatch.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020). ICCs varetektsfengsel – menneskerettigheter og ansvarsmekanismer.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020, 14. desember). Ingen prosessregler styrer «betenkninger» fra Høyesterett. [Internett].  Rett24. Show summary

  Justitiarius Toril M. Øie vil foreløpig ikke svare på om det vil bli kontradiksjon rundt en eventuell jernbane-betenkning til Stortinget. Men plenum blir det.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020, 12. oktober). Ny E-lov skaper debatt. [TV].  NRK – Distriksnyheter Nordnytt.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2020). Some progress during the 7th meeting of the 47+1 group. Show summary

  A couple of months ago, the negotiations on the EU’s accession to the ECHR resumed, with what was termed the sixth meeting of the 47+1 group – the ad hoc negotiation group involving all 47 Council of Europe and the EU. From 24–26 November, the 47+1 group held their 7th meeting, and the last of 2020. Some progress was made, but from reading the report it is becoming increasingly clear that no immediate breakthroughs are in sight.

• Kjetil, Kolsrud & Johansen, Stian Øby (2020, 26. august). EØS-eksperter har lite tro på hyttesøksmålet.  Rett24. Show summary

  Selv om du ikke er så mye som i nærheten av andre mennesker, får du ikke lov til overnatte i Sverige uten karantene. Er dette EØS-rettslig holdbart? Antagelig, mener eksperter.

• Tron, Strand & Johansen, Stian Øby (2020, 09. oktober). Mener Norge må droppe masseovervåkning.  Bergens Tidende. Show summary

  Deler av Lov om etterretningstjenesten er i strid med EØS-retten. – Den er dermed EØS-stridig og ulovlig, sier førsteamanuensis Stian Øby Johansen.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019, 03. desember). – Her er det oppstått et hull i EMD-beskyttelsen. [Internett].  Rett24. Show summary

  – Vi må anerkjenne at vi har et problem, sier førsteamanuensis Stian Øby Johansen, etter at Strasbourg sist uke avviste en klage om tilgang til EFTA-domstolen.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019, 10. mai). – Regjeringen har berøringsangst.  Dagsavisen. Show summary

  Utenriksminister lne Eriksen Søreide (H) vil ikke uttale seg om Julian Assange-saken. Norsk PEN mener regjeringen lider av berøringsangst i saker som angår våre allierte.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019, 05. april). Assange kastes ut av ambassaden?. [Radio].  NRK P2.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019, 12. april). Hva skjer med Assange nå? Kan han utleveres til USA?. [TV].  NRK1 / NRK P2. Show summary

  Link nedenfor, innslaget begynner ca. 00:49:50.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019). Internasjonale organisasjoners immunitet mot søksmål – uten unntak?.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019). Joint and Several Responsibility of the EU and its Member States Towards Third Parties.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019, 12. april). Jusekspert om Assange: – Storbritannia sitter med nøkkelen. [Internett].  NRK.no. Show summary

  Wikileaks-grunnleggeren frykter dødsstraff hvis han blir utlevert til USA. Førstelektor Stian Øby Johansen ved UiO sier Storbritannia kan hindre faren for dødsstraff.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2019, 13. mai). Svensk politi gjenopptar Assange-etterforskning.  Dagbladet.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2018, 02. juli). Kritisk til manglende rettigheter for flyktninger.  Vårt land. Show summary

  Utøver betydelig makt: - Internasjonale organisasjoner utøver betydelig makt over enkeltmennesket, mener forsker - som advarer mot at manglende rettigheter kan få alvorlige konsekvenser.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2017, 12. mai). – Uklart kva verknad tiltaket vil få.  Nationen. Show summary

  Jonas Gahr Støre (Ap) vil ta arbeidstakarrettar inn i menneskerettslova for å gi dei forrang for andre lovar. Men menneskerettslova har ikkje avklart forrang for EØS-avtalen, ifølgje EØS-rettsjuristar.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2017). Brexit means... what?.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2017). Internasjonale organisasjoners menneskerettsansvar.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2017, 24. mars). Studio 2: Hvem er det egentlig som kan saksøke en stat?. [Radio].  NRK P2.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2017). United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/218 B: Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations, 12th August 1994 (UN Doc A/RES/48/218 B), In Jean d’Aspremont; Catherine Brölmann & Iain Scobbie (ed.),  Oxford International Organizations.  Oxford University Press.  OXIO 211.
• Johansen, Stian Øby; Ulfstein, Geir & Nollkaemper, André (2017). The Human Rights Accountability Mechanisms of International Organizations: A Framework and Three Case Studies. Doktoravhandlinger forsvart ved Det juridiske fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo. 108. Show summary

  International organizations are becoming increasingly powerful. As a consequence, they are now more capable than ever of violating the human rights of individuals. But how can international organizations be held to account for such violations? This thesis assesses the procedural mechanisms that may hold international organizations to account. First, a general framework for identifying, analyzing and assessing the accountability mechanisms of international organizations is established. Second, the general framework is applied to three distinct cases: the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy missions, Refugee camp administration by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, and Detention by the International Criminal Court. The thesis concludes that in none of the three case studies do the existing accountability mechanisms fulfill the normative requirements set out in the general framework. However, there are significant variations between the cases, and between different types of accountability mechanisms. In light of these findings, the thesis puts forward some hypotheses applicable to international organizations generally.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2016, 18. juni). - Britene har mest å tjene.  Nationen.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2016). Blogginnlegg: "EU law and the ECHR: the Bosphorus presumption is still alive and kicking – the case of Avotiņš v. Latvia". Show summary

  Yesterday, 23 May 2016, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) delivered its judgment in the case of Avotiņš v. Latvia. This seems to be the ECtHR’s first detailed appraisal of the so-called Bosphorus presumption (the rule on the relationship between EU law and the ECHR) after the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Opinion 2/13 rejected a draft agreement providing for the accession of the EU to the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). It also provides a first glimpse of how the ECtHR views the EU law principle of mutual trust, which has become particularly dear to the CJEU over the last couple of years.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2016). Blogginnlegg: "EU sanctions against non-EU countries: the CJEU will soon address some key legal issues". Show summary

  This week I attended the hearing at the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in case C-71/15 (Rosneft). This is one of several cases brought by the Russian energy company Rosneft against the EU sanctions regime established following the Russian military intervention in Crimea. The case has its basis in a request for preliminary ruling by the High Court of Justice (England & Wales), Queen’s Bench Division. In the reference, the High Court of Justice asks the CJEU to determine the validity of several provisions of the EU economic sanctions against Russia.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2016, 14. september). Dagsnytt 18: Flyktningkvotestopp i Danmark. [TV].  NRK2.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2016, 18. februar). Gjev etter for EU-regelverk.  Nationen.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2016). H. v. Council et al. – A Minor Expansion of the CJEU’s Jurisdiction Over the CFSP. European Papers (EP).  ISSN 2499-8249. . doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/76
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2016). Parti écologiste ‘Les Verts’ v European Parliament, Judgment, Case 294/83, In Jan Wouters; Geert De Baere; Jed Odermatt & Thomas Ramopoulos (ed.),  Oxford Reports on International Law in EU Courts.  Oxford University Press.  ILEC 103 (CJ 1986). Show summary

  Whether the Decision of the Bureau of the European Parliament concerning the allocation of the appropriations entered under Item 3708 of the General Budget of the European Communities was void due to lack of competence. Whether the Rules governing the use of the appropriations for reimbursement of expenditure incurred by the political groupings having taken part in the 1984 European elections were void due to lack of competence.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2016, 19. januar). Tvilar på omstridd EU-forslag om felles grensevakt.  Nationen. Show summary

  Verken regjeringa eller opposisjonspolitikarar 
ønskjer eller trur EU vedtek det kontroversielle 
forslaget om ei overnasjonal grense- og kystvakt. Det trur heller ikkje EU-rettsekspertar.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2015). Blogginnlegg: "Opinion 2/13: A bag of coal from the CJEU". Show summary

  Just in time for Christmas, on 18 December 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) handed down its Opinion 2/13 on the Union’s planned accession to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). To the surprise of most, the CJEU found the draft agreement on the accession of the Union to the ECHR incompatible with the Union’s primary (read: constitutional) law.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2015, 23. september). Dagsnytt 18: EU-vedtak om å omfordele 120 000 flyktninger. [TV].  NRK2/NRK P2.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2015, 18. desember). Dagsnytt 18: Skuffende EU-toppmøte. [TV].  NRK2/NRK P2.
• Hermansen, Olav; Johansen, Stian Øby; Maurseth, Per Botolf; Medin, Hege; Melchior, Arne; Olsen, Terje G.; Sverdrup, Ulf & Theie, Marcus Gjems (2014). Transatlantisk frihandel og Norge. NUPI Report. 7. Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Forhandlingene om et handels- og investeringspartnerskap (TTIP) mellom EU og USA er svært ambisiøse og har som mål å fjerne tollbarrierer samt en rekke regulatoriske hindringer mellom de to partene. Avtalen er ment å dekke handel i både varer og tjenester samt investeringer. I rapporten analyserer vi konsekvensene av et TTIP for Norge. Vi ser også på konsekvenser av en egen handels- og investeringsavtale mellom Norge og USA.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2014). Blogginnlegg: "Some thoughts on the ECJ hearing on the Draft EU-ECHR Accession Agreement". Show summary

  I was in Luxembourg 5-6 May 2014, attending the hearing at the European Court of Justice concerning the Draft Agreement for the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights. In two posts I summarize the main arguments presented at the hearing, and provide some initial analysis and thoughts. Finally, I would not be a lawyer if I did not point out that some caveats apply: I am writing based on my own notes and recollection, and thus there might be inaccuracies, omissions and misattributions.

• Johansen, Stian Øby (2014). Den internasjonale rettens påvirkning på norsk rett. Pacta.  (23), s 34- 37
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2014). Does the European Union provide a sufficient level of accountability for human rights violations arising from its Common Foreign and Security Policy?.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2014). Grunnkurs i institusjonell og konstitusjonell EU-rett.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2014, 24. januar). Hva kan EU gjøre nå som Kroatia har vedtatt en grunnlovsendring som forbyr homofilt ekteskap?. [Radio].
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2014). Hvem har makt over verdensøkonomien? Om investor-stat tvisteløsning i den kommende handelsavtalen mellom EU og USA (Innledning og avslutning til paneldebatt).
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2014). The EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiations.
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2013). The EU and the USA: A Trade Agreement (Panel debate).
• Johansen, Stian Øby (2012). The European Union's Accession to the ECHR: As Seen from Strasbourg. Show summary

  After decades of discussions among scholars, politicians, and diplomats, the European Union will soon accede to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). But, as this thesis shows, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has already dealt with cases concerning the compatibility of Union acts with the ECHR. Taking the ECtHR's perspective, this thesis analyzes how it has approached such cases, and indentifies the weaknesses of the current legal regime. Then, the pre-accession regime is contrasted with the situation following the Union's accession. In doing so, this thesis relies on the draft Agreement on the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights, dated October 14, 2011 (CDDH(2011)009). While analyzing and comparing the two regimes, they are also critically assessed with regard to the effectiveness of the ECHR system of protection, and the application of the principle of subsidiarity.

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