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• Gianella, Camila & Rosario, Carmeliza Soares Da Costa (2022). Progressive legislation in the context of generalised conservative public opinion: The case of LGBT rights in Mozambique. In Gloppen, Siri; Jjuuko, Adrian; Msosa, Alan & Viljoen, Frans (Ed.), Queer lawfare in Africa: Legal strategies in contexts of LGBTIQ+ criminalisation and politicisation. Pretoria University Law Press (PULP). ISSN 9781776411689. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This book focuses on the strategies that activists for LGBTIQ+ equality in Africa deploy to challenge deep seated homophobia and transphobia, as well as the politicisation of LGBTIQ+ issues. It is a peer-reviewed, edited volume with scholarly contributions from lawyers, anthropologists, and LGBTIQ+ activists. It covers different country situations – those where equality is taking root, as the case is in South Africa, Botswana and Mozambique; those where homophobia reigns and LGBTIQ+ rights are politicised such as, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Uganda, and Zambia; and those where traditional LGBTIQ+ activism is almost a nonstarter, such as in Ethiopia, Sudan and The Gambia.

• Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Guzman-Vilca, Wilmer Cristobal; Leon-Velarde, Fabiola; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio; Jimenez, M. Michelle & Penny, Mary E. [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). Peru – Progress in health and sciences in 200 years of independence. The Lancet Regional Health - Americas. 7. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100148. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2022). When Winning in the Courts is Not Enough: Abortion and the Limits of Legal Mobilization Without Grassroots Involvement in Peru. In Botero, Sandra; Brinks, Daniel M. & Gonzalez-Ocantos, Ezequiel A. (Ed.), The Limits of Judicialization From Progress to Backlash in Latin America. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781009098342. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila; Gideon, Jasmine & Romero, Maria Jose (2021). What does COVID-19 tell us about the Peruvian health system? Revue canadienne d'études du développement. ISSN 0225-5189. 42(1-2), p. 55–67. doi: 10.1080/02255189.2020.1843009. Full text in Research Archive
• Cortes, Lara Barbosa Quadros; Gianella, Camila; Páez, Angela M. & P., Catalina Vallejo (2021). Comparing experiences of constitutional reforms to enshrine the right to water in brazil, colombia, and peru: Opportunities and limitations. Water. 13(24). doi: 10.3390/w13243519. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this paper we compare recent efforts towards the constitutionalization of the right to water in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru to understand the opportunities and limitations related to the attempts to enhance access to piped water to the highest normative level. Peru passed a constitutional amendment in 2017 while Brazil and Colombia have seen much right-to-water activism but have not succeeded in passing such reforms. We explore the role of the existing domestic legal frameworks on drinkable water provision and water management towards the approval of constitutional amendments. We find that all three countries have specialized laws, water governing institutions, and constitutional jurisprudence connecting access to water with rights, but the legal opportunity structures to enforce socio-economic rights vary; they are stronger in Colombia and Brazil, and weaker in Peru. We argue that legal opportunity structures build legal environments that influence constitutional reform success. Legal opportunity structures act as incentives both for social movements to push for reforms and for actors with legislative power to accept or reject them. Our findings also show that in some contexts political cost is a key element of constitutional reforms that enshrine the right to water; therefore, this is an element that should be considered when analyzing these processes.

• Gianella, Camila & Álvarez, Brenda (2021). Judicial Lawfare: Analysis of Legal Arguments against Abortion Rights in Peruvian Courts. Direito GV Law Review. ISSN 1808-2432. 17(3), p. 1–23. doi: 10.1590/2317-6172202146. Full text in Research Archive
• Pesantes, Maria Amalia & Gianella, Camila (2020). ¿Y la salud intercultural?: Lecciones desde la pandemia que no debemos olvidar (What about intercultural health?: Lessons from the pandemic that we should not forget, E a saúde intercultural: lições da pandemia que não devemos esquecer). Mundo Amazónico. ISSN 2145-5074. 11(2), p. 93–110. doi: 10.15446/ma.v11n2.88659. Full text in Research Archive
• Wilson, Bruce & Gianella, Camila (2019). The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America. In Sieder, Rachel; Ansolabehere, Karina & Alfonso, tatiana (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Law and Society in Latin America. Routledge. ISSN 9781138184459. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila; Pesantes, Maria Amalia; Ugarte-Gil, César; Moore, David & Lema, Claudia (2019). Vulnerable populations and the right to health: lessons from the Peruvian Amazon around tuberculosis control. International Journal for Equity in Health. 18(1), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12939-019-0928-z. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila & Rosario, Carmeliza Soares Da Costa (2019). Evolução Histórico-Legal do Processo de Despenalização do Aborto em Moçambique. In Carlos, Arnaldo; Cau, Boaventura; Chilundo, Baltazar Goncalo Mazungane; Joelma, Picardo & Griffin, Sally (Ed.), Planeamento Familiar e Políticas de Saúde Sexual e Reprodutiva em Moçambique. CEPSA. ISSN 9789899851665. p. 259–279. Full text in Research Archive
• Wilson, Bruce & Gianella, Camila (2019). Overcoming the limits of legal opportunity structures: LGBT rights' divergent paths in Costa Rica and Colombia. Latin American Politics and Society. ISSN 1531-426X. 61(2), p. 138–163. doi: 10.1017/lap.2018.76. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2018). Movimiento transnacional contra el derecho al aborto en América Latina, El aborto en América Latina Estrategias jurídicas para luchar por su legalización y enfrentar las resistencias conservadoras. Siglo Veintiuno Editores. ISSN 9789876298476. p. 351–379. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2017). Abortion rights legal mobilization in the peruvian media, 1990-2015. Health and Human Rights: An International Journal. ISSN 1079-0969. 19(1), p. 133–147. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  State and non-state actors engaged in disputes to expand and limit abortion rights have engaged in legal mobilization—in other words, strategies using rights and law as a central tool for advancing contested political goals. Peru, like other Latin American countries, has experienced an increase in abortion rights legal mobilization in recent years, including litigation before national and international courts. This paper centers on societal legal mobilization, or the legal mobilization that occurs outside the legislative and judicial branches and that includes strategies promoted by the executive branch, political actors, and non-partisan organizations and individuals. It presents an analysis of op-ed articles published in two national newspapers, El Comercio and L a República , between 1990 and 2015. The paper argues that the media is also an arena where legal mobilization takes place and is not just a space influenced by legal mobilization. Rather, the media’s agenda operates independently of legal mobilization in the legislature and the courts, and it determines whether certain issues receive coverage and the way these issues are framed.

• Gianella, Camila; Machado, Marta Rodriguez de Assis & Defago, Angelica Penas (2017). What causes Latin America’s high incidence of adolescent pregnancy? CMI Brief. ISSN 0809-6732. 16(9). Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila & Wilson, Bruce (2016). LGBTI Rights. In González-Bertomeu, Juan & Gargarella, Roberto (Ed.), The Latin American Casebook. Courts, Constitutions, and Rights. Routledge. ISSN 9781317026198. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila; Ugarte-Gil, César; Caro, Godofredo; Aylas, Ruth; Castro, César & Lema, Claudia (2016). TB in Vulnerable Populations: The Case of an Indigenous Community in the Peruvian Amazon. Health and Human Rights: An International Journal. ISSN 1079-0969. 18(1). Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2015). Peru: changing contexts for transitional justice, After Violence: Transitional Justice, Peace, and Democracy. Routledge. ISSN 9781138020085. Full text in Research Archive
• Skaar, Elin; Gianella, Camila & Eide, Trine (2015). Towards a framework for impact assessment, After Violence: Transitional Justice, Peace, and Democracy. Routledge. ISSN 9781138020085. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila & Skaar, Elin (2015). Angola: negative peace and autocracy in the shadow of impunity, After Violence: Transitional Justice, Peace, and Democracy. Routledge. ISSN 9781138020085. Full text in Research Archive
• Skaar, Elin & Gianella, Camila (2015). Conclusions, After Violence: Transitional Justice, Peace, and Democracy. Routledge. ISSN 9781138020085. Full text in Research Archive
• Skaar, Elin & Gianella, Camila (2015). Transitional justice alternatives: claims and counterclaims, After Violence: Transitional Justice, Peace, and Democracy. Routledge. ISSN 9781138020085. Full text in Research Archive
• Skaar, Elin & Gianella, Camila (2014). Latin american civil-military relations in a historical perspective: A literature review. Working Paper - Chr. Michelsen Institute. ISSN 0804-3639. p. 1–30. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Civil-military relations constitute a crucial element in the transition to substantive democracy all over the world. During periods of authoritarianism or civil war, the military in Latin America has been responsible for extensive violations of human rights and humanitarian law. Since the reintroduction of democracy in the region in the 1980s and 1990s, the military has gradually been brought back under civilian rule. The balance of power between military and civil political actors has shifted. How and in which ways have civilian governments curtailed military power? What is the relationship between the military and civilian governments today? And what new roles have been assigned to or taken on by the military in areas such as maintaining national security? Based on a review of the literature on civil-military relations in Latin America, this paper explores three main themes: (1) the military as a political actor; (2) the military as an economic actor; and (3) changing military self-perceptions and roles in a democratic era.

• Malca, Camilla Gianella; Fosse, Elisabeth & Gloppen, Siri (2013). Giving Effect to Children's Right to Health in Colombia? Analysing the Implementation of Court Decisions Ordering Health System Reform. Journal of Human Rights Practice. ISSN 1757-9619. 5(1), p. 153–176. doi: 10.1093/jhuman/hus035. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2013). A human rights based approach to participation in health reform : experiences from the implementation of constitutional court orders in Colombia. Nordic Journal of Human Rights. ISSN 1891-8131. 31(1), p. 84–107. Full text in Research Archive
• Yamin, Alicia Ely; Gianella, Camila & Parra-Vera, Oscar (2011). Colombia. Judicial protection of the right to health : an elusive promise? In Gloppen, Siri & Yamin, Alicia Ely (Ed.), Litigating Health Rights: Can Courts Bring More Justice to Health (Harvard Law School Human Rigthts Programme Series). Harvard University Press (HUP). ISSN 9780979639555. p. 103–131. doi: 10.2307/j.ctvjz81hc.8. Full text in Research Archive

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• Skaar, Elin; Gianella, Camila & Eide, Trine (2015). After Violence: Transitional Justice, Peace, and Democracy. Routledge. ISBN 9781138020085. 218 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Norheim, Ole Frithjof; Mirutse, Mizan Kiros; Yamin, Alicia Ely; Gianella, Camila; Durojaye, Ebenezer & Goni, Juan Cruz [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2026). Roundtable: Global Health Governance in an Era of Autocratization. Full text in Research Archive
• Gloppen, Siri; Tønnessen, Liv; Wilson, Bruce; Gianella, Camila; Jjuuko, Adrian & Tadele, Getnet [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Queer Lawfare in Africa: Queer Identities as Political Currency in Autocratisation Processes and Courts as Sites of Resistance. Full text in Research Archive
• Wilson, Bruce; Langford, Malcolm Stroud; Loen, Mathea; Winkler, Inga; Schiel, Rebecca & Gianella, Camila [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Water, Inequality and Rights. Full text in Research Archive
• Barbieri, Catarina Helena Cortada; Gianella, Camila; Defago, Maria Angelica Peñas & Machado, Marta Rodriguez de Assis (2021). BATALHA PELO DIREITO AO ABORTO NA AMÉRICA LATINA: CONCEITOS-CHAVE SOBRE UM CENÁRIO EM MUDANÇA. Direito GV Law Review. ISSN 1808-2432. 17(3). doi: 10.1590/2317-6172202133. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2020). Good Health Indicators are Not Enough: Lessons from COVID-19 in Peru. Health and Human Rights: An International Journal. ISSN 1079-0969. 22(2), p. 317–320. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila; Gloppen, Siri & Machado, Marta (2019). Understanding the Political Dimensions of the Turning Against Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Peru. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila; Gloppen, Siri; Sierra, Isabel C. Jaramillo; Machado, Marta; Defago, Angélica Peñas & Wilson, Bruce (2019). Roundtable: The Emergence of Conservative Mobilization and Its Effects on Sexual and Reproductive Rights. Full text in Research Archive
• Machado, Marta & Gianella, Camila (2019). Panel: Abortion Lawfare in Latin America: Inside and Outside the Courts. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2019). Understanding the Political Dimensions of the Turning Against Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Peru. Full text in Research Archive
• Gloppen, Siri; Gianella, Camila; Sierra, Isabel Cristina Jaramillo; Defago, Angélica Peñas & Wilson, Bruce (2019). The Emergence of Conservative Mobilization and Its Effects on Sexual and Reproductive Rights. Full text in Research Archive
• Cortes, Lara Barbosa Quadros; Gianella, Camila & Murcia, Ángela María Paez (2019). Constitutional Recognition of the Right to Water: Opportunities and limitations in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Full text in Research Archive
• Cortes, Lara Barbosa Quadros; Gianella, Camila; Vallejo, Catalina & Murcia, Ángela María Paez (2019). Constitutional Reforms for the Enshrinement of the Right to Water: Opportunities and Limitations in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila; Skaar, Elin; Spitzer, Aaron & Fjellheim, Eva Maria (2019). Truth commissions on violations against indigenous peoples: the sami truth commission in comparative perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila; Sieder, Rachel; Viaene, Lieselotte; Marta, Rica & Ocampo, Angela (2019). Water rights and indigenous struggles. Full text in Research Archive
• Wilson, Bruce & Gianella, Camila (2018). Overcoming the limits of Legal Opportunity Structures: Explaining variance in LGBTI Rights in Latin America. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2018). Understanding the political dimensions of the “turn against sexual and reproductive rights” in Peru. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2018). Historisk abortdebatt i Argentina endte med nei. [Internet]. kjonnsforskning.no. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2018). Amazonian Indigenous Organization's Struggles toward the Access to Clean Water in Peru. The case of 5 cuencas. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2018). Abortion lawfare in Europe and the America,: regional dynamics and transnational actors. Full text in Research Archive
• Mjaaland, Thera & Gianella, Camila (2017). US re-instating the ‘Global Gag Rule’ – what now? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Under the Obama period, around 600 million dollars has been channelled through USAID every year to fund family planning and reproductive health programs in addition to the around 30 million dollar given to UNFPA for related activities. Since 1973 none of these US-funds could be used for abortion-related activities. When Reagan first instituted the Global Gag Rule (or Mexico City Policy) in 1984, organizations that received US funding for family planning were not even allowed to use funding from other donors to inform or perform abortion-related activities. This rule was lifted during Clinton’s and Obama’s 8-year periods in the White House. With Trump’s reinstating of the global gag rule, organizations that are committed to continue their abortion-related activities will again have to decline US funding for family planning, or stop their abortion related-activities altogether. Media reports so far have been focused on the deadly consequences for women of potentially losing their access to safe abortion services where these are legally available. But the question is whether the situation is the same this third time around with ‘global gag rule’? Will other funders and governments who have signalled that they are willing to step in, be able to fill the funding gap? Will increased access to medical abortion and the current emergence of women’s community-based structures for information and access to reproductive commodities, contribute to a counter-acting of the ‘global gag rule’? Will we see a re-channelling of US-funding to anti-abortion rights organisations?

• Gianella, Camila & Miranda, J. Jaime (2017). Strengthening research to improve hypertensive patient outcomes in Peru. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. ISSN 1551-7411. 13(1), p. 259–260. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.07.004. Full text in Research Archive
• Wilson, Bruce & Gianella, Camila (2017). Overcoming the Limits of Legal Opportunity Structures: LGBT Rights in Latin America. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila & Miranda, J Jaime (2017). Comments to the article from Vodicka, E., D. A. Antiporta, Y. Yshii, J. R. Zunt and P. J. Garcia (2016). “Patient acceptability of and readiness-to-pay for pharmacy-based health membership plans to improve hypertension outcomes in Lima, Peru.”. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. ISSN 1551-7411. 13, p. 259–260. Full text in Research Archive
• Gloppen, Siri; Skage, Ingvild Aagedal; Tefera, Getnet Tadele; Arriola, Leonardo; Rakner, Lise & Orago, Nicholas [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2017). Political determinants of sexual & reproductive health (Globvac project). Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2017). Framing of abortion lawfare by Peruvian printed media (1990-2015). Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila; Machado, Marta Rodriguez de Assis & Gloppen, Siri (2017). Political determinants of Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet. ISSN 0140-6736. 390(10112), p. 2545–2546. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33082-9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We read with interest the article by the GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators 1 (Sept 16, p 1423), which presents a comprehensive analysis of the potential gaps and gains in the health-related Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Among the issues that caught our attention when reading the Article was the fact that, if current trends continue, Latin American countries will not fulfill the sustainable development goal for teenage pregnancy. Remarkably, data show that underperformance on adolescent pregnancy in Latin America happened despite positive developments towards meeting family planning needs and universal health coverage goals. This projection for adolescent pregnancy concurs with other reports showing Latin America as the only region globally where adolescent pregnancies are not decreasing, 2 and provides strong evidence for the need for in-depth analysis of political determinants of health. Over the past two decades, a massive wave of pro-family mobilisation has swept Latin America. An example of this new wave of conservative mobilisation is the campaign against so-called gender ideology in school curriculums. Ministers of Education from Brazil (2015), Colombia (2016), and Peru (2017) faced strong disapproval, including rallies from conservative groups, who opposed the inclusion of gender and sexual education in school curriculums. In Colombia, the Minister of Education (Gina Parody) lost her job. In Peru, Jaime Saavedra and his successor, Marilú Martens, were censored by the majoritarian conservative parliament. In Brazil, school material prepared by the Ministry of Education, which addressed diversity and homophobia in schools, was recalled after strong pressure from conservative and evangelical congressmen. Since then, the fight to eliminate gender and sexual education from national plans of education has intensified. In September, 2017, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorised religious teaching in public schools. 3 In man

• Gianella, Camila & Rabbia, Hugo (2016). Editorial Beijing + 20 y la igualdad de género. Discusiones y desafíos pendientes. Revista Studia Politicae. ISSN 2408-4182. p. 7–12. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila; Wilson, Bruce & Cortes, Lara (2016). Litigating Water as a Human Right: An Effective Strategy in Latin America? Full text in Research Archive
• Citro, Brian; Lyon, Evan; Mankad, Mihir; Pandey, Kiran Raj & Gianella, Camila (2016). Developing a human rights-based approach to tuberculosis. Health and Human Rights: An International Journal. ISSN 1079-0969. 18(1). Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2015). Participation at theP anel CSW59: Forced and Coerced Sterilization: A human rights violation of women and trans people. Full text in Research Archive
• Gianella, Camila (2011). The health system of Colombia. Salud pública de México (Impresa). ISSN 0036-3634. 53(5), p. 369–369. Full text in Research Archive
• Fosse, Elisabeth & Gianella-Malca, Camila (2013). Challenges in Implementing the Colombian Constitutional Court’s Health-Care System Ruling of 2008. Universitetet i Bergen. ISSN 9788230823538. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Is right-to-health litigation a suitable strategy for advancing the right to health, or does it reinforce inequalities and undermine health authorities in their attempts to control costs and set fair priorities? The answer depends, amongst other, on the nature of the judgments and how they are implemented. The latter is the main focus of this thesis. The thesis presents an approach for evaluating the implementation of often complex judicial rulings calling for health system reform. Despite major developments providing conceptual clarity on the legal enforcement of economic social and cultural rights (ESCR), research analyzing the implementation processes of these rulings and their actual impact is scarce. Anecdotal evidence points to different conclusions. In some cases, legal enforcement of the right to health has been used to enhance the rights of vulnerable groups who face systematic and structural discrimination in national policies. In others, legal enforcement has been used as a strategy to claim the rights of individuals and groups who are not among society’s most vulnerable (Ferraz, 2009). This thesis aims to contribute to the development of a systematic understanding of the elements that affect the implementation of judicial rulings and how this shapes the effects of the litigation. It is based on an analysis of the implementation process of the Colombian Constitutional Court’s decision T-760/2008, which ordered extensive reforms of Colombia’s health system (Yamin, Parra-Vera, & Gianella-Malca, 2011). Colombia has the highest number of right-to-health cases in the world per capita, and the intervention of the country’s Constitutional Court has not been beyond criticism. Taking the effects of right-to-health litigation as my departure point, I focus my analysis on the implementation process of some of the orders of decision T-760/2008, as well as on the contextual factors that influenced how these orders were satisfied by the competent authorities. The three articles of this thesis address different elements of decision T-760/2008: (i) participatory processes in the implementation of the decision; (ii) the decision’s impact on children’s access to health care; and (iii) the fairness and legitimacy of the drugs priority setting in health care. The results from the three articles are examined using an analytical framework for ESCR mobilization developed by a group of scholars linked to the “Right to Health Through Litigation” project of which this thesis forms part (Global Center for the Study of Law and Social Transformation, 2011). Together, the articles illustrate the importance of pre-existing contextual factors in the implementation of court rulings, particularly when it comes to complex judgments such as decision T-760/2008. The articles show how contextual factors have shaped the effects of the decision, and question the Constitutional Court’s performance in the monitoring of key principles—most notably, participation—laid down in the decision.

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