LEVEL Welfare across borders: solidarity, equality and free movement

Duration
01.10.2021–31.12.2025

The project's main objective is to analyze the impact of EEA law on the welfare state. It is the first analysis of its kind. The research group includes Europe's leading experts on free movement and European welfare law.

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About the project

Work Package I examines three overarching issues. The first is to what extent the concept of solidarity in EU law is transferrable to the EEA context. Further we examine the reach of the social rights in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and their potential impact within the framework of the EEA agreement. The third question in Work Package I is how the rights in the EEA agreement should be reflected in national legislation. Welfare legislation is aimed at everyone. It is not sufficient to clarify what the rights are about; citizens must also be informed about their rights in a clear and comprehensive manner.

Work Package II deals with four specific issues. First, we will analyze and follow up the legal processes in the aftermath of the Social Security Scandal, as they provide important lessons. Second, we examine the impact of EEA law with regard to so-called activity requirements that pursue the objective of enabling integration into working life. If such requirements make physical presence in Norway necessary, this must be weighed against the right to free movement. Third, we explore the coherence between labour law and social security law with regard to protection of vulnerable groups, such as the self-employed. Fourth, we study patients' rights to receive cross-border treatment and related services throughout the EEA.

Participants

Publications

  • Bø, Øyvind (2026). Lawful residence as a condition for access to social security benefits. European Journal of Social Security (EJSS). ISSN 1388-2627. 28(3), p. 261–261. doi: 10.1177/13882627261445377. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bekkedal, Tarjei & Bø, Øyvind (2026). ‘Objectively comparable’? The free movement of persons within the European Economic Area. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law (MJ). ISSN 1023-263X. 33(1), p. 54–54. doi: 10.1177/1023263x261421836. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bekkedal, Tarjei & Andenæs, Mads (2025). Kontinentalsoklene i Norges fire avtaler med EU. Lov og Rett. ISSN 0024-6980. 64(5), p. 291–313. doi: 10.18261/lor.64.5.3. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bekkedal, Tarjei (2025). Why not the Charter? Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law (MJ). ISSN 1023-263X. 32(2), p. 213–236. doi: 10.1177/1023263x251341679. Full text in Research Archive
  • Petti, Alessandro; Hillion, Christophe & Bekkedal, Tarjei (2025). Fundamental Rights protection in Europe: Shedding light on a system of interrelated regimes. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law (MJ). ISSN 1023-263X. 32(2), p. 110–110. doi: 10.1177/1023263x251342875. Full text in Research Archive
  • Petti, Alessandro (2025). External dimensions of EU data protection law : the legal and the political. italian Journal of Public Law. ISSN 2239-8279. 17(1), p. 139–172. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bø, Øyvind (2025). Virkeliggjøringen av fri bevegelighet for personer i EØS. Lov og Rett. ISSN 0024-6980. 64(1), p. 7–33. doi: 10.18261/lor.64.1.3. Full text in Research Archive
  • Tandberg, Per Silnes (2025). The conflict rules of European social security coordination in a digital labour market – bridging lex loci laboris and remote work by disregarding marginal cross-border activities. European Journal of Social Security (EJSS). ISSN 1388-2627. 27(1), p. 25–44. doi: 10.1177/13882627251319638. Full text in Research Archive
  • Andenæs, Mads (2024). Introduction: Commercial contracts and arbitration at the London Centre for Commercial and Financial Law. In Andenæs, Mads & Heidemann, Maren (Ed.), Commercial Contract Law. From Assignments to Unfair Terms.. Routledge. ISSN 9781032632537. p. 1–13. doi: 10.4324/9781003463986-1. Full text in Research Archive
  • Andenæs, Mads (2024). General Principles at the European Level. In Cananea, Giacinto & Auby, Jean-Bernard (Ed.), General Principles and Sector-Specific Rules in European Administrative Laws. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780198867579. p. 257–273. doi: 10.1093/oso/9780198867579.003.0016. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bekkedal, Tarjei & Andenæs, Mads (2024). EØS-avtalen og kontinentalsoklene. Lov og Rett. ISSN 0024-6980. doi: 10.18261/lor.63.1.3. Full text in Research Archive
  • Baetens, Freya & Crawford, James (2024). Creation of States: Influence and Legacy. In Lyons, Donna (Eds.), Leading Works in International Law. Routledge. ISSN 9780367679217. Full text in Research Archive
  • Andenæs, Mads & Meyer, Johannes Hygen (2024). Utenlandske rettskilder. Jussens Venner. ISSN 0022-6971. 59(6), p. 372–412. doi: 10.18261/jv.59.6.2. Full text in Research Archive
  • Baetens, Freya & Zhang, Sheng (2024). China: An Emerging Rule-maker in International Investment Law? In Rasilla, Ignacio de la & Cai, Congyan (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of China and International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781009041133. p. 423–449. Full text in Research Archive
  • Shuibhne, Niamh Nic (2023). Applying solidarity as a procedural obligation in EU citizenship law. Croatian Yearbook of European Law & Policy. ISSN 1845-5662. 19(1), p. 1–38. doi: 10.3935/cyelp.19.2023.523. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bekkedal, Tarjei (2023). Book Review: The Boundaries of the EU Internal Market: Participation without Membership By Marja-Liisa Öberg, (Cambridge University Press, 2020). Common market law review. ISSN 0165-0750. doi: 10.54648/cola2023037. Full text in Research Archive
  • Baetens, Freya (2023). The independence and impartiality of adjudicators in regional courts. In Cordero-Moss, Giuditta (Eds.), Independence and Impartiality of International Adjudicators. Intersentia. ISSN 9781839703614. p. 283–301. Full text in Research Archive
  • Sweet, Alec Stone & Andenæs, Mads (2023). The Law and Politics of the General Principles of Law in the Twenty-First Century. Columbia journal of transnational law. ISSN 0010-1931. 62(1), p. 1–57. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bø, Øyvind & Furuholmen, Lucy Isabelle Klæboe (2023). Høyesteretts dom i dagpengesaken – en vurdering av begrunnelsen for ikke å fravike EFTA-domstolens tolkning av trygdeforordningen. Jussens Venner. ISSN 0022-6971. 58(4), p. 304–342. doi: 10.18261/jv.58.4.3. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bekkedal, Tarjei & Andenæs, Mads (2022). Er mottakere av dagpenger beskyttet av EØS-avtalens grunnleggende rett til fri bevegelighet? Lov og Rett. ISSN 0024-6980. 61(3), p. 145–169. doi: 10.18261/lor.61.3.3. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bekkedal, Tarjei (2022). On an equal footing. The EFTA Court’s ruling in the Norwegian Social Security scandal: Criminal proceedings against N. Common market law review. ISSN 0165-0750. doi: 10.54648/cola2022011. Full text in Research Archive
  • Bekkedal, Tarjei (2022). The Application of EU Internal Competences in an External Context: UK v Council (EEA). In Butler, Graham & Wessel, Ramses A. (Ed.), EU External Relations Law: The Cases in Context. Hart Publishing Ltd. ISSN 9781509939725. doi: 10.5040/9781509939725.ch-065. Full text in Research Archive
  • Petti, Alessandro (2022). EU COVID-19 purchase and export mechanism: A framework for EU operational autonomy. Common market law review. ISSN 0165-0750. 59(5), p. 1333–1370. doi: 10.54648/cola2022094. Full text in Research Archive
  • Andenæs, Mads & Bekkedal, Tarjei (2022). The reach of jobseeker rights to free movement: On the complementary relationship between primary and secondary law. Oslo Law Review. 9(1), p. 4–25. doi: 10.18261/olr.9.1.1. Full text in Research Archive

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Funding

Funded by The Research Council of Norway

Project number: 325328

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Published Oct. 8, 2024 4:12 PM - Last modified Mar. 19, 2026 11:58 AM