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Kristin Bergtora Sandvik

Professor - Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law

Email k.b.sandvik@jus.uio.no

Phone +47 22 85 01 23

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Visiting address Kristian Augusts gate 17 Domus Juridica 8.etg 0164 Oslo

Postal address Postboks 6706 St. Olavs plass 0130 Oslo

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Academic interests

My socio-legal research agenda focuses on regulation, rights, and legal mobilization in the context of the digital transformation, humanitarian emergencies, and terror. I am particularly interested in the relationship between ethics, law, and social justice. My focus on technology includes digital experimentation, cybersecurity, generative AI, drones, and the digital body. In 2023, I published 'Humanitarian extractivism: The digital transformation of aid' with Manchester University Press. I also consult as an ethics advisor for international aid and science projects.

Central to my academic practice is the objective of contributing to critical societal dialogue around governance, legality, and accountability in crises, involving scholars, communities, practitioners, and policymakers. Through CRITPEACE, I also work on defense procurement and militarization, contributing to a more informed public conversation about the future of peace in the Nordic region and beyond.

From 2017, I have documented the legal ripple effects of terror attacks in Norway through the prism of transitional justice. Starting in 2021, I have organized the annual Sámi Law Symposium at the Faculty of Law. From 2025, I convene the Thematic group on Sámi law [Sámerievtti fágajoavku, Saemiereaktan faagedåehkie].

I have been the project leader of seven projects financed by the Research Council of Norway. Currently, this includes LAW22JULY: RIPPLES: Rights, Institutions, Procedures, Participation, Litigation: Embedding Security (SAMRISK) and 'Legal regulation in an era of deglobalization: socio-legal perspectives on technology, migration, democracy, and war' (with Peter Scharff Smith). I also led the European-Ukrainian Refugee Pets: Emerging Trends (EURPET) initiative, as part of the Norwegian Forum for Animal Law.

I have published in journals such as Law and Society Review, Feminist Legal Studies, PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review, The International Journal of Transitional Justice, Cornell Journal of International Law, Big Data & Society, Journal of Human Rights Practice, International Journal of Human Rights, International Journal of Refugee Law, Third World Quarterly, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Global Studies Quarterly, International Migration, Global Policy, Third World Thematics, Oslo Law Review, the Australian Feminist Law Journal, Journal of Military Ethics, International Review of the Red Cross, Disasters, Millennium-Journal of International Studies, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Nordic Journal of Human Rights, Conjuntura Austral and RIS - La Revue internationale et stratégique. My work has been translated into multiple languages, including Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish.

Background

Kristin Bergtora Sandvik graduated from the University of Oslo with a Masters in Women’s Law in 2002. She obtained an LL.M (waived) from Harvard Law School in 2003, and a doctorate in Juridical Sciences (S.J.D) from Harvard Law School in 2008. Her dissertation was called “On the Everyday Life of International Law: Humanitarianism and Refugee- Resettlement in Kampala”. Sandvik has also studied social anthropology at the University of Oslo, and she has been a guest researcher at the Oxford Refugee Studies Centre and the Refugee Law Project (Uganda).

Since 2016, Sandvik has been a professor at the Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law. In 2009, Sandvik was hired by the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) as a senior researcher. In 2011, Sandvik co-founded the Norwegian Center for Humanitarian Studies (NCHS), where she served as Director from 2012 to 2016. She held a 20% position as a research professor in humanitarian studies at PRIO until 2026. Starting in January 2026, Sandvik is Professor II in Sámi and Indigenous Peoples Law at UiT, the Arctic University of Norway.

While Sandvik has mainly used the qualitative methods of socio-legal studies, anthropology of law, and international law (structured and semi-structured interviews, participant observation, literature reviews, discourse analysis, and doctrinal legal analysis), she has also directed mixed-methods projects involving household surveys and statistical comparison.

Teaching

Tags: Digitalisation, Humanitarianism, Gender, War and conflict, Rule of Law, Terrorism, Welfare law, Sociology of Law

Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2026). Contesting architectural competitions: Legal mobilization as strategic performativity. Social and Legal Studies. ISSN 0964-6639. doi: 10.1177/09646639261498221. Full text in Research Archive
Mogstad, Heidi & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2026). Dyrt, men dyrebare: ukrainske flyktningdyr og biopolitikk i bevegelse. Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-7285. 37(1), p. 17–36. doi: 10.18261/nat.37.1.3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Kjæledyr som krysser grenser i krisesituasjoner, reiser vanskelige dilemmaer, men har så langt fått lite oppmerksomhet av forskere. I denne artikkelen undersøker vi hva som skjedde da flere tusen ukrainske flyktninger tok med seg kjæledyr til Norge etter Russlands fullskala invasjon i 2022. I en tid da restriktiv flyktningpolitikk og velferdsnasjonalisme dominerer den europeiske agendaen, har norske myndigheter gjort flere unntak fra gjeldende importregelverk og investert, sammen med dyrevelferdsorganisasjoner og frivillige, betydelige tid og ressurser i å ivareta disse dyrene. Vi utforsker hva som motiverte denne politikken, og hvorfor unntakene senere ble avviklet. Vi viser at statlige aktører primært var opptatt av biosikkerhet og grensekontroll, samtidig som kjæledyrs økende sosiale status og nordmenns empati med ukrainske flyktninger også påvirket aktørenes støtte og innstilling. Flyktningdyrene var dessuten ikke bare passive objekter for kontroll og omsorg, men utøvde en særegen emosjonell kraft som påvirket menneskelige holdninger og politiske beslutninger. Ved å løfte frem disse parallelle forklaringene gir vi med artikkelen et nyansert, etnografisk bidrag til forståelsen av Europas håndtering av ukrainske flyktninger og deres kjæledyr. Vi belyser også særtrekk ved den norske velferdsstaten og bidrar til bredere debatter om flyktningbeskyttelse og forholdet mellom mennesker og dyr i en «planetarisk» tidsalder.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Haddeland, Hanna Buer (2026). Rettsoppgjøret etter 22. juli: mer enn en strafferettslig fortelling. In Lohne, Kjersti; Houge, Anette Bringedal; Liden, Kristoffer & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (Ed.), Etter 22. juli. Overgangsrettferdighet og terror. Cappelen Damm Forskning/NOASP. ISSN 9788202926151. p. 27–53. doi: 10.23865/cdf.289.ch2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Taking the central role of law and legal proceedings in transitional justice processes as the point of departure, this chapter develops a more complex account of the legal response and pursuit of justice following the 2011 terrorist attacks. The 2012 criminal trial against the 22 July perpetrator marked the beginning, rather than the endpoint, of this process. Subsequent legal developments form a broader narrative in which legal mobilisation becomes integral to postterror recovery. Drawing on socio-legal studies and legal mobilisation theory to analyse these processes, the chapter introduces the concept “composite legal mobilisation”, distinguishing between mobilisation aimed at settling discrete disputes, serving performative functions, supporting victim recognition, and pursuing strategic objectives. The chapter examines a range of cases, including the perpetrator's legal challenges concerning prison conditions and sentencing, political and economic disputes surrounding the reconstruction of the Government Quarter, controversies surrounding the establishment of a national memorial, and mobilisation on behalf of survivors and affected individuals, particularly regarding compensation and access to victim counsel. By considering these legal processes together – across differing constellations of parties, arenas, and claims – the chapter offers new insights into how courts and legal institutions shape understandings of justice after terrorism, and what it means for Norwegian society that such processes remain ongoing and open-ended.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Vestad, Maja (2026). 22. juli husket nedenfra: overgangsrettferdighet og mikrominner som demokratisk politikk. In Lohne, Kjersti; Houge, Anette Bringedal; Liden, Kristoffer & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (Ed.), Etter 22. juli. Overgangsrettferdighet og terror. Cappelen Damm Forskning/NOASP. ISSN 9788202926151. p. 117–136. doi: 10.23865/cdf.289.ch6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
We live in a time of democratic backsliding in which the rise of authoritarian and populist regimes threatens the implementation of transitional justice measures and risks reversing past achievements. Impunity and denial render societies vulnerable to authoritarian nostalgia and the manipulation of unresolved conflicts. At the same time, public memory arenas – monuments, memorial sites, and institutions commemorating victims – are increasingly contested, becoming targets of protest, vandalism, and removal. The struggle over memory is thus also a struggle over the role and place of transitional justice. This chapter examines democratic resilience through the lens of memory. Starting from the relative vulnerability of top-down 22 July memory politics, in which the Norwegian state sets the terms and governs commemorative processes, the chapter explores the concept of “micro-memories” as a way of understanding the role and importance of memory work from below, done by survivors, affected individuals, and local communities. While official memorials tend to endure and invite ongoing collective interpretation, micro-memories are more ephemeral, personal, and dispersed. These include naming buildings or objects after victims, dedicating artistic works, establishing scholarships or solidarity initiatives, planting trees, or highly personal acts such as getting a tattoo. Together, they form a parallel commemorative landscape that is neither fully private nor fully public. Drawing on mapped examples, the chapter shows that memory work can be relational, diverse, and less institutionally bound, highlighting the importance of “resilient memories” that exist beyond state control.
Lohne, Kjersti; Houge, Anette Bringedal; Liden, Kristoffer & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2026). Overgangsrettferdighet etter 22. juli. In Lohne, Kjersti; Houge, Anette Bringedal; Liden, Kristoffer & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (Ed.), Etter 22. juli. Overgangsrettferdighet og terror. Cappelen Damm Forskning/NOASP. ISSN 9788202926151. p. 9–26. doi: 10.23865/cdf.289.ch1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Etter 22. juli. Overgangsrettferdighet og terror handler om hvordan det norske samfunnet har forsøkt å forstå, svare på og finne veier videre etter 22. juli-angrepene i 2011 – i og utenfor rettsapparatet. Den 22. juli 2011 bombet en terrorist det norske regjeringskvartalet før han utførte et massedrap på AUFs ungdomsleir på Utøya. 77 personer ble drept, og framtiden ble endret for tusener av andre. 15 år senere undersøker bidragsyterne i denne boken rettferdighetens rammer etter terrorangrepene og ulike former for oppgjør, forsonings- og minnearbeid i tiden som har gått. Boken tar utgangspunkt i forskning på overgangsrettferdighet, og gjennom analyser av rettsprosesser, granskningskommisjoner, politiske holdninger, ulike former for minnearbeid, statens ansvar for borgernes frihet og sikkerhet og tidens betydning, viser boken hvordan overgangsrettferdighet kan forstås etter terror. Boken er en av tre bøker som beskriver ulike ringvirkninger i etterkant av 22. juli 2011, som resultat av forskningsprosjektet LAW22JULY: RIPPLES.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2026). Aeropeace: Imagining Positive Peace in European Airspace. Global Policy. ISSN 1758-5880. p. 1–8. doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.70170. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
As Europe grapples with a rapidly shifting security environment and a turn toward rearmament, European airspace is becoming more crowded, chaotic, and dangerous, with implications for everyday life across the continent. This essay argues that peace can no longer be imagined without a peaceful sky, termed here as “Aeropeace.” Aeropeace is a conceptual frame for rethinking airspace not only through the lens of “negative peace,” meaning the absence of violence and disruption, but also through the lens of “positive peace,” emphasizing safety, trust, justice, sustainability, and democratic participation. By reconceptualizing lower airspace as a public commons essential to everyday security, Aeropeace encourages a broader conversation about shared atmospheric governance and peace. Examples of negative Aeropeace include measures against digital insecurity that could compromise airspace governance, as well as measures to hinder physical incursions and armed attacks by drones, balloons, airplanes, and missiles. As examples of positive Aeropeace, the essay discusses the largely completed Airspace Tribunal Initiative and the incipient idea of indigenous Arctic airspace, drawing on Canadian examples.
Sandvik, Kristin (2025). Calibrating AI/d talk: framing perceptions, reframing policy, and deframing knowledge. Journal of International Humanitarian Action. ISSN 2364-3412. 10. doi: 10.1186/s41018-025-00173-0. Full text in Research Archive
Vestad, Maja & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2025). Et mikrominnekart etter 22. juli. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift (NNT). ISSN 0800-336X. 42(2), p. 104–119. doi: 10.18261/nnt.42.2.2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Det finnes mange minnesmerker etter 22. juli. Disse antar ulike former, finnes på ulike steder og har ulike funksjoner. Et viktig spørsmål som ikke har blitt diskutert i 22. juli-litteraturen, er hvordan vi kan forstå minnesmerker, steder og praksiser som var midlertidige og nå er borte. Som et slags svar på dette spørsmålet begynner vi i denne artikkelen å kartlegge det vi kaller «mikrominnelandskapet» etter 22. juli. Mens de offisielle minnestedene er kollektive – det er det lokale og nasjonale «vi» som skal minnes lokale og nasjonale ofre – så er mikrominnesmerkene personaliserte. Vi undersøker hvem som minnes, og spør hvordan man kan forstå de (minnene og menneskene) som glemmes. Mikrominnesmerkene bidrar til å gi en mer helhetlig forståelse av hendelsene som fant sted. De kan også gi en innsikt i individuelle erfaringer og følelser knyttet til terrorangrepet, som kan være verdifulle for å forstå hvordan samfunnet har bearbeidet traumene og sorgen etterpå.
Lintvedt, Mona Naomi & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2025). Robots. In Kaufmann, Mareile & Lomell, Heidi Mork (Ed.), De Gruyter Handbook of Digital Criminology. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9783111061931. p. 427–434. doi: 10.1515/9783111062037-049. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The use of smart robots raises questions about their societal roles, human interaction, regulation, and impact on our understanding of crime and control. This chapter introduces three key issues related to digital criminology: bad robots, anthropomorphic robots, and crimes against robots. First, it addresses the use of robots in law enforcement, highlighting concerns about excessive or lethal force. Second, it explores the balance between caregiving roles and unethical surveillance by anthropomorphic robots. Third, it addresses violence against robots and the potential need for their protection. These issues necessitate reevaluating the frameworks governing the use and treatment of robots.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Transitional justice and terrorism: socio-legal reflections on the problem of trials, perpetrator responsibility and accountability. Justice, Power and Resistance. ISSN 2398-2764. 7(2), p. 168–187. doi: 10.1332/26352338Y2024D000000024. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Transitional Justice in Post-terror Contexts: The Norwegian 22 July Memorial and the Ambiguity of Litigation. International Journal of Transitional Justice. ISSN 1752-7716. 17(2), p. 286–302. doi: 10.1093/ijtj/ijad012. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Westendorf, Jasmine-Kim (2023). Safeguarding Sex: The Technopolitics of Humanitarian Genomic Accountability. Global Studies Quarterly. 3(2). doi: 10.1093/isagsq/ksad032. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
This paper is about the intersection of technological utopianism with the safeguarding rush in international aid and the DNA imaginations that it has given rise to. It explores the implications of the centering of DNA technology in efforts to prevent and punish sexual exploitation and abuse by aid workers and asks what types of accountability DNA approaches yield. The article examines the discursive power of DNA imaginaries in shaping the politics and practice of safeguarding in the humanitarian sector. We consider the type of solutionism at play in the technological imaginary of consumer genomics as an appropriate mode of “catching” sexual predators among aid workers, as well as to the political interests in getting safeguarding “implemented” as rapidly (and simply) as possible. We argue that there are significant implications emerging from how the “turn to DNA” ties genetic and racialized biosurveillance to humanitarian accountability. This concerns how the humanitarian system thinks about consent and coercion and about children’s rights and bodily integrity. Moreover, we argue that drawing from the current moral crisis of safeguarding in aid, the project itself exemplifies how a discursive (white) genetic nationalism was able to shore up considerable political support and financial resources from Australian and UK political actors with little critical attention.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Cultural Heritage and Legal Mobilisation After Terror: July 22 and the Battle for Y. Nordic Journal of Human Rights. ISSN 1891-8131. doi: 10.1080/18918131.2023.2223055. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Wærstad, Tone Linn & Taj, Farhat (2023). Legal Aid to Immigrant Women Revisited: Digital Economic Violence and Access to Justice in Norway. In Ikdahl, Ingunn; Sandberg, Kirsten; Stewart, Julie; Strand, Vibeke Blaker & Wærstad, Tone Linn (Ed.), Hellums metode. Festskrift til Anne Hellum 70 år. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205582859. p. 253–265. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Byrom og bevaring i Oslo: En kulturminnerettssosiologisk tilnærming. Nordic Journal of Urban Studies. 3(2), p. 54–70. doi: 10.18261/njus.3.2.4. Full text in Research Archive
Jumbert, Maria Gabrielsen; Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Tjønn, Mathias Hatleskog (2023). If ‘it all breaks down’: The Norwegian refugee crisis as a geography of chaos. Environment & Planning. D, Society and Space. ISSN 0263-7758. 41(5), p. 1–19. doi: 10.1177/02637758231203822. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
How did the arrival of growing numbers of refugees and migrants in a non-violent setting and high-income country like Norway become framed as a ‘humanitarian crisis’ and with what consequences? In this article, we examine the framing and responses to the influx of refugees and other migrants to Norway in 2015–16, in and around Oslo and in the Arctic region of Storskog, along the Russian border. Our analysis draws on two theoretical contributions: work on ‘crisis and chaos’ and the idea of ‘chaotic geographies’, and work on the ‘humanitarian arena’ . Taking a tripartite approach, we study how time, space and different levels of response (citizen volunteers, established humanitarian actors and the state) contributed to the framing of the situation as a humanitarian crisis, and the consequences of this. We show that Norway is a political and geographical outlier, and that the state’s response to this ‘humanitarian crisis’ and potentially chaotic situation was seen as both appropriate and legitimate. We argue this helped ‘de-escalate’ the chaotic geography.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). The Ukrainian refugee crisis: Unpacking the politics of pet exceptionalism. International migration. ISSN 0020-7985. doi: 10.1111/imig.13100. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Bjørkhaug, Ingunn; Espegren, Astrid & Garnier, Adele (2022). Protecting skilled Afghan women: Brain save and the politics of vulnerability. Global Policy. ISSN 1758-5880. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1111/1758-5899.13166. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Considering the Afghan evacuation of 2021 and its aftermath, this article suggests the term ‘brain save’ to characterise emerging protection discourses and practices concerning the resettlement of skilled women refugees. Resettlement has traditionally focused on women as vulnerable because of their gender. Drawing on examples of the evacuation and prospective resettlement of Afghan women professionals, the article develops the analytic concept of brain save to label these discourses and practices. Unlike ‘brain drain’, brain save challenges established politics of vulnerability and has progressive potential for resettlement as a durable solution. However, it also implies problematic prioritisation of particular resettlement candidates.
Hellum, Anne; Skilbrei, May-Len & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Kjønn, makt og rett: Samfunnsfaglige perspektiver på og i kvinneretten. In Ikdahl, Ingunn; Hellum, Anne; Asland, John; Bruserud, Herman; Hjort, Maria Astrup; Jonassen, Bjørk Gudmundsdottir & Skilbrei, May-Len (Ed.), Kjønn og rett. Kvinne-, kjønns- og likestillingsperspektiver i jusstudiet. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202669690. p. 361–392. doi: 10.23865/noasp.164. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Kvinne-, kjønns- og likestillingsperspektiver på retten har en lang tradisjon som forskningsfelt på Det juridiske fakultet ved Universitetet i Oslo. Retten regulerer rettigheter og plikter, rettsvern og straff – den kan skape, opprettholde og endre samfunnets fordeling av makt og ressurser mellom individer og grupper. En viktig del av samfunnsoppdraget til juristutdanningen er å skape forståelse for hvordan rettslige strukturer, regler og avgjørelser kan føre til – eller motvirke – ulikhet og diskriminering. Denne boken bringer ulike typer kjønnsperspektiv inn i en rekke av fagene som inngår i rettsvitenskapen. Artiklene omfatter både privatrettslige og offentligrettslige emner, som familierett, forvaltningsrett, velferdsrett, avtalerett, selskapsrett og strafferett. Boken inneholder også kjønnsperspektiv på tverrgående fag som rettsfilosofi, rettssosiologi, kriminologi, rettsøkonomi og yrkesetikk for jurister. Kjønn og rett: Kvinne-, kjønns- og likestillingsperspektiver i jusstudiet er skrevet primært med tanke på jusstudenter, men er relevant for alle som interesserer seg for forholdet mellom juss, kjønn, samfunn og politikk.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Ikdahl, Ingunn & Lohne, Kjersti (2021). Rettens rolle etter 22. juli: Minnearbeid, overlevende og gjenoppbygging. Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift. 5(3), p. 28–45. doi: 10.18261/issn.2535-2512-2021-03-03. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Mens de straffe- og sikkerhetsrettslige aspektene ved terrorangrepet 22. juli 2011 har vært grundig belyst i sakprosa og faglitteratur, har rettens mer generelle rolle i møte med 22. juli ikke blitt gjenstand for samme oppmerksomhet. Denne artikkelen skisserer en rettssosiologisk forskningsagenda ved å kartlegge de rettslige virkningene av 22. juli i lys av rettens møte med overlevende, minnearbeid og gjenoppbygging. Vi viser hvordan den norske staten og rettsapparatet i all hovedsak ser ut til å velge ordinære virkemidler i respons til det ekstraordinære 22. juli. Vi er interessert i hvordan retten fordeler ressurser og overprøver offentlige inngrep i sin reaksjon på 22. juli, og hvordan ulike aktører setter retten i spill i kampen om den autoritative fortellingen om 22. juli. På tross av at rettsliggjøring og rettslig mobilisering kan styrke rettigheter, viser våre foreløpige analyser at rettsliggjøringsprosesser også bidrar til å konsolidere sosiale og politiske konfliktlinjer, og kan vanskeliggjøre forsoningsprosesser i etterkant av 22. juli. Således er artikkelens formål å bidra til økt forståelse av rettens og rettssosiologiens rolle i møte med ekstraordinære hendelser og av 22. juli som en rettslig begivenhet med konsekvenser for det norske samfunnet.

View all works in NVA

Lohne, Kjersti; Houge, Anette Bringedal; Liden, Kristoffer & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2026). Etter 22. juli. Overgangsrettferdighet og terror. Cappelen Damm Forskning/NOASP. ISBN 9788202926151. 169 p. doi: 10.23865/cdf.289. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Etter 22. juli. Overgangsrettferdighet og terror handler om hvordan det norske samfunnet har forsøkt å forstå, svare på og finne veier videre etter 22. juli-angrepene i 2011 – i og utenfor rettsapparatet. Den 22. juli 2011 bombet en terrorist det norske regjeringskvartalet før han utførte et massedrap på AUFs ungdomsleir på Utøya. 77 personer ble drept, og framtiden ble endret for tusener av andre. 15 år senere undersøker bidragsyterne i denne boken rettferdighetens rammer etter terrorangrepene og ulike former for oppgjør, forsonings- og minnearbeid i tiden som har gått. Boken tar utgangspunkt i forskning på overgangsrettferdighet, og gjennom analyser av rettsprosesser, granskningskommisjoner, politiske holdninger, ulike former for minnearbeid, statens ansvar for borgernes frihet og sikkerhet og tidens betydning, viser boken hvordan overgangsrettferdighet kan forstås etter terror. Boken er en av tre bøker som beskriver ulike ringvirkninger i etterkant av 22. juli 2011, som resultat av forskningsprosjektet LAW22JULY: RIPPLES.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Humanitarian extractivism The digital transformation of aid. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9781526165831. 153 p. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

Eikeseth, Unni & Sandvik, Kristin (2026). – Vi treng fredsvisjonar for Noreg. [Journal]. Forskerforum. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Styresmaktene vil at norske forskarar skal bidra meir til forsvaret. Men forskarar bør også bidra meir til fred, meiner jusprofessor.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Lintvedt, Mona Naomi (2025). The dark side of genomic commercialisation: bankruptcy, acquisitions and novel data protection violations. doi: https:/www.jus.uio.no/ikrs/english/research/projects/digitaldna/events/program-biodata-surveillance-and-society.html. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Spring 2025, the bankruptcy of the DNA company 23andMe garnered headlines globally, with commentators, policymakers, and regulators warning customers to ‘delete their data’. Although 23andMe's business model proved unprofitable, its extensive genomic database holds significant value for technology firms, law enforcement, and researchers. However, this bankruptcy was just the latest in a long line of startups and technology ventures focusing on commercial genomics, to undergo radical disruption of services or business models. Notably, this trend is also evident in reproductive health, with several clinics declaring bankruptcy. These clinics store not only genetic and health data, but also embryos and donor sperm, raising substantial privacy concerns when their operations falter. This market has also drawn the interest of private equity firms through their acquisitions of DNA databases and IVF clinics. Bankruptcy proceedings, mergers, and acquisitions pose new risks to privacy and data protection, often in ways not anticipated by existing laws and regulations. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, combining sociolegal methods, critical data studies, and legal analysis of commercial and data protection law, this paper will explore these emerging challenges by presenting a taxonomy of novel data violations. It will survey recent cases and examples that illustrate the dark side of the intersection between commercialisation, market failure, and privacy concerns.
Jensenius, Alexander Refsum; Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Grimstad, Birgitte; Røysum, Andreas Hoem & Klevstrand, Lars (2025). Kan musikk skape fred? doi: https:/www.oslopeacedays.no/program/2025/fred-og-musikk. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
På konsert føler vi samhold med fremmede, viser forskning. I et kort øyeblikk samler musikken oss. Hvordan kan musikk også samle oss i urolige tider? Flere artister jobber for fred, på ulike måter. Møt noen av dem på Scene Domus Bibliotheca! Hva er det med akkurat musikk som forener oss? Bli med på musikksnakk med artistene Birgitte Grimstad, Lars Klevstrand og Andreas Røysum. Du møter også fredsforsker Kristin Bergtora Sandvik. Her vil musikkprofessor Alexander Refsum Jensenius lede samtalen med ulike spørsmål knyttet til tematikken – kanskje svarer de på ditt spørsmål også? Samtalen er beregnet for et publikum uten faglig bakgrunn i temaet.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Vestad, Maja (2025). Uansett hva hensikten med angrepet var, ble målet det skeive utelivet. doi: https:/www.dagsavisen.no/debatt/uansett-hva-hensikten-med-angrepet-var-ble-malet-det-skeive-utelivet/9949845. Full text in Research Archive
Engen, Ole Andreas Hegland; Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Kvadsheim, Ole (2025). More money, more security? Norwegian Defense spending and the need to rethink the tempo of rearmament. doi: https:/www.prio.org/comments/1828. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Engen, Ole Andreas Hegland & Kvadsheim, Ole (2025). Jo mer penger, jo mer trygghet? Full text in Research Archive
Engen, Ole Andreas Hegland; Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Kvadsheim, Ole (2025). Gjør Oljen oss Utrygge? Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Vestad, Maja (2025). Commemorating the terrorist attack July 22, 2011: a memorial map from below. Full text in Research Archive
Vestad, Maja & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2025). 14 år med sorg. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Martins, Bruno Oliveira (2024). Geopolitical instability as regulatory device: the Norwegian civil drone airspace as national security domain. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). EU sanctions as surveillance? Socio-legal study of Norwegian hobby drone prosecutions 2022-2024. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). HCRI Book talk: Humanitarian Extractivism: The digital transformation of aid. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Knut Ipsen Lecture Series: The Juridification of Humanitarian Space. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Panelsamtale: Livet etter terroren 25. juni. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Book launch: Humanitarian Extractivism - The Digital Transformation of Aid. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Transitional Justice. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Transitional justice and terrorism: socio-legal reflections on the problem of trials, legal accountability, and shapeshifting perpetrators. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). The Ambivalent Juridification of Humanitarian Space. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Indigenous justice and the need to recalibrate legal education. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Transitional justice and terrorism: socio-legal reflections on the problem of trials, perpetrator responsibility and accountability. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
TB-ST18 Panel: ‘Northernizing’ Transitional Justice: Legalism, Accountability and the Rule of Law Post-Terror 11:00 - 12:30 RS 318 Chair & Discussant: Kristoffer Liden Reconfiguring the welfare state: Norwegian responses to terror victims 2011-2024 Ingunn Ikdahl, Hanna Haddeland The politics of terror trials: legal accountability and shapeshifting perpetrators Kristin Bergtora Bergtora Sandvik Terror litigation from retributive to restorative justice: the affective dimension of victim’s counsels Tatanya Valland What can the state know about victims of terror? Exploring the boundaries of algorithmic care in the digital welfare state Ingunn Ikdahl
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Transitional justice and terrorism: socio-legal reflections on the problem of trials, legal accountability, and shapeshifting perpetrators. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Regulatory AI: the state of play. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Humanitarian extractivism: CDAC Expert Seminar with Kristin Bergtora Sandvik. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Effects of Lawfare Courts and law as battlegrounds for social change. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). BOOK LAUNCH & ROUNDTABLE: Humanitarian politics: between state and corporate interests, technology and law. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). ‘Refugee Resettlement: From the Production of Individual Credibility to the Experimental Production of Credible Geopolitical Solutions’. Panel Stream 2 | Refugees, Generative AI and Knowledge Production: Revisiting ‘Humanitarianism and Suffering: The Mobilization of Empathy’. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Humanitarian cyberspace as terrain: a map. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE: FOR A SHARED PEDAGOGY OF HOPE. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Transitional justice after empire: The politics of memory holes, doublethink and a shared future-time. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Transitional Justice after Empire? The Politics of Peace and Justice Revisited. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). The legal accountability concerning the 22 July, Kongsberg, and Pride terror attacks. Full text in Research Archive
Reinertsen, Marianne & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Jusspodden om droner. [Internet]. Jusspodden. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Jusspodden diskuterer de siste arrestasjonene for dronebruk og hvilke regler som gjelder om man vil fly hobbydrone.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Ikdahl, Ingunn (2023). De rettslige ringvirkningene av 22. juli. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Studier Bli student Åpen dag Miniforelesninger og aktiviteter På Åpen dag kan du delta på over 100 miniforelesninger fra alle studieprogrammene på Universitetet i Oslo. Møt underviserne som er best i sine fagfelt og få spennende smakebiter på studieprogrammene som engasjerer deg! Alle Aktiviteter UiO-forelesninger Jus og kriminologi Realfag og teknologi Helsefag og medisin Samfunnsfag, økonomi og psykologi Historie, filosofi og kulturstudier Mediefag Språk, litteratur og områdekunnskap Honours-programmet Estetiske studier og musikkvitenskap Religion og teologi Pedagogiske fag og Lektorprogrammet Antall treff: 1 Det rettslige oppgjøret etter terrorangrepet 22. juli 2011 knyttes ofte til straffesaken som ble avgjort i august 2012. Men retten har spilt mange ulike roller i etterkant. Den rammer inn hvordan vi som fellesskap minnes det som hendte, og velferdsstaten er viktig for både overlevende og etterlatte. Hva sier dette om rettens muligheter og begrensninger for å skape rettferdighet etter terror?
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Bjørkhaug, Ingunn (2023). Afghan Resettlment Revisited. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). En ikonisk, men feilslått mobilisering – på tide å løfte blikket. In Granbo, Bo Alexander & Borgen, Linn Willetts (Ed.), Lærdommer fra Y-blokken. Fortidsminneforeningen. ISSN 9788293861041. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Liden, Kristoffer (2023). Ungovernable or humanitarian experimentation? Generative AI as an accountability issue. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Understanding Digital Risk Is Central for Human-Centered Approaches to Cybersecurity. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Cybersecurity and human rights are global issues that require dedicated international cooperation. The conference ‘People, Confidence, Resilience: Building Cyber Security For All’ was held to mark the 10th anniversary of the OSCE cyberspace confidence-building measures adoption. North Macedonia hosted the global gathering its capital, Skopje, from 23 to 24 October. The conference brought together a host of government officials, diplomats and experts working on cyber-security from across Europe. Noting that ‘Cybersecurity has become a crucial tool in protecting individuals' freedom of expression and other fundamental human rights in the online world,’ the session ‘Its About People’ convened representatives of the Ukrainian Ministry of Digital transformation; the international press freedom association Free Press Unlimited; the Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media; the Metamorphosis Foundation, North Macedonia and PRIO Research Professor Kristin Bergtora Sandvik. Focusing on digital risk and the centralization of cyber vulnerabilities in the humanitarian sector, Sandvik argued that more attention must be given to how organizations understand and balance digitalization and risk. Sandvik discussed how risk is justified in a context where people receiving humanitarian aid have a de facto duty of visibility with respect to acquiescing to give humanitarian actors and states access to images, information and biometrics. “People and communities in crisis have little say, or access, to knowledge about how this data is used, stored, shared, deleted or unlawfully accessed. The allocation and mitigation of digital risk must be taken into account. To develop a better understanding of the human rights aspects of cybersecurity,” said Sandvik. https://www.prio.org/news/3479
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Taking stock: Generative AI, humanitarian action, and the aid worker. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Who shapes global narratives in today’s AI-enabled world? Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). The Digital Body: The Specter of Harms. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Transitional Justice in Post-terror Contexts: The Norwegian 22 July Memorial and the Ambiguity of Litigation. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). (DE)GLOBALISERING, SAMFUNNSSIKKERHET OG DIGITAL ID. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Jumbert, Maria Gabrielsen (2023). AI in aid: Framing conversations on humanitarian policy. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Generative AI and humanitarianism. Full text in Research Archive
Leirvåg, Edvin Tengs; Jensen, Marte Vidnes; Åsrum, Trude; Lauten, Marie; Frigland, Victoria Hovig & Østerby, Ingvild [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). eID i offentlig forvaltning - sårbarhet, risiko og løsninger. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Program 12.30: Oppmøte og servering av kaffe, te og frukt. 12.45: Velkommen ved Digital velferdsstat og SODI med professor Ingunn Ikdahl og professor Marte Kjørven. 12.55: Introduksjon: Om eID i offentlig forvaltning. med Trude Myklebust, førsteamanuensis, Institutt for privatrett, og Edvin Tengs Leirvåg, Digitaliseringsdirektoratet. 13.25: «Aktørstafett»: korte oppspill om sårbarhet og risiko. Nav v/ Marte Vidnes Jensen Skatteetaten v/ Trude Åsrum. Brønnøysundregistrene v/ Marie Lauten. Spørsmål fra salen. 14.05: Pause 14.20: «Aktørstafett»: korte oppspill om sårbarhet og risiko. LDO v/ Victoria Hovig Frigland. Norsk Forbund for Utviklingshemmede v/ Ingvild Østerby. Om eID i fengsel, vitenskapelig assistent Mira Stokke. Spørsmål fra salen 15.00: Akademisk høyttenking: Hvordan kan vi tenke om eID i offentlig forvaltning fremover? Inger Johanne Sand, professor emerita, Institutt for offentlig rett. Gisle Natvik, professor, Institutt for samfunnsøkonomi, BI. Kristin Bergtora Sandvik, professor, Institutt for kriminologi og rettssosiologi. Luca Tosoni, Datatilsynet, tidligere stipendiat på Institutt for privatrett. 15.55: Avslutning v/ Trude Myklebust og Ingunn Ikdahl.
Liden, Kristoffer; Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Fast, Larissa; Hayes, Ben; Jumbert, Maria Gabrielsen & Jakobsen, Katja Lindskov [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Risks and responsibilities in the digital transformation of humanitarian action Rountable. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Session 6: The future of technology, design and innovation in humanitarian action (with Q&A). Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Black Boxes/Blackouts/Blackened Out: GenAI And The Implications Of Wrapping Humanitarian Health Care Around Digital Infrastructures. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2023). Ukrainian refugees and pet exceptionalism: the need for a critical conversation. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
When the war in Ukraine started in February 2022, the rescue and protection of pets almost immediately became part of the humanitarian narrative of the conflict. Globally, there has been an unprecedented open-door policy on companion animals from Ukraine—a high-risk country for rabies—in terms of legal allowances, quarantine facilities and veterinary services. This approach was motivated by biosecurity considerations, i.e., the need to avoid cross-border smuggling of potentially risky animals – but also by the public support for the Ukrainian people, and the acknowledgement of the emotional bonds between humans and their pets as an attribute of 21st century culture. In a new article in International Migration called The Ukrainian refugee crisis: Unpacking the politics of pet exceptionalism, I draw on a six months desk study (February-August 2022) of Norway and the UK to flesh out some initial reflections around this issue. In the article, I note the puzzling near-absence of public and academic debate around this pet exceptionalism.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Fast, Larissa; Jacobsen, Katja Lindskov & Jumbert, Maria Gabrielsen (2022). Box E: Digital do no harm. In ALNAP, ANAP (Eds.), The State of the Humanitarian System.. ALNAP. p. 196–198. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Do no digital harm has emerged as an important humanitarian imperative. Crisis-affected populations are often required to give personal data to aid agencies in exchange for assistance and protection, and usually have little say or control over how this is used. Where aid agencies produce large bodies of data on crisis-affected people as part of increasingly data-driven assistance practices, attendant risks and new forms of harm are emerging from how digital data is stored, accessed and shared.
Mena, Rodrigo & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Humanitarismo digital en una guerra cinética: El caso de Ucrania. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Pets and Humanitarian Borders. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Åpenhet og innsyn i krisetider? Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Re-envisioning RoI in EU research initiatives: leveraging the HBP experience for EBRAINS. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Dagsnytt 18: Breivik-rettssak starter. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). The War on Covid-19 and the Protection of Civilians: unpacking the politics of mandatory vaccination. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Ukraine: How can we protect animals when we can’t even protect humans? Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Ikdahl, Ingunn; Lohne, Kjersti; Vestad, Maja; Sørlie, Anniken & Moe-Pryce, Marit (2022). Law after July 22, 2011: Survivors, Memory and Reconstruction. PRIO Paper. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
While the criminal law and security governance aspects of the July 22 terror attack in Norway have been extensively analyzed in the academic literature, much less attention has been given to processes involving civil law, legal mobilization and legal-bureaucratic processes. The slow workings of the law mean that the aftermath of July 22 is still unfolding in different legal processes. This PRIO paper carves out a socio-legal research agenda intended to bridge the aforementioned knowledge gap. In so doing, it identifies various aspects of how the law deals with survivors, their families and the bereaved. It also addresses the legal debates over memorials and the reconstruction and securitization of the Norwegian Government Quarter. We argue that in choosing between extraordinary and ordinary legal mechanisms and instruments to deal with the terror attack, the state and the legal system have opted for the latter. This emphasis on “ordinary law” must be investigated. We are interested in how law distributes resources, rights and identities and sets limits on government interventions – and how individual actors and organizations mobilize the law to shape the political, popular and legal narratives around July 22.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Garnier, Adele (2022). https://rli.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2022/03/04/forced-displacement-from-ukraine-notes-on-humanitarian-protection-and-durable-solutions/. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Solidarity in Humanitarian Assistance: Resettlement of Refugees in Ukraine. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Jusspodden: Selvkjørende biler. [Internet]. Jusspodden. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Ethical Challenges Associated with the Protection of Pets in War. Full text in Research Archive
Bjørkhaug, Ingunn & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Review Essay: Refugees as Economic Agents in Protection Systems. International Migration Review. ISSN 0197-9183. doi: 10.1177/01979183221098. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Mena, Rodrigo (2022). Digital Humanitarianism in a Kinetic War: Taking Stock of Ukraine. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Rettsstatens svar på terroren. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Rettens styrke mot terroren er det ekstraordinært vanlige. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Houge, Anette Bringedal & Laugerud, Solveig (2022). When Terrorists Mobilize Law: Reflections on justice and closure after July 22. Prio blog. Full text in Research Archive
Ikdahl, Ingunn & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Terrorangrepet i Oslo 25. juni 2022. In Bolstad, Erik (Eds.), Store norske leksikon (snl.no 2022). Store norske leksikon. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2021). The politics of no-excess mortality: reflections on the knock-on effects of lockdowns, social death and amplified vulnerability. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Dugard, Jackie; Krutzinna, Jenny; Rosenberg, Anette Ringen; Otiene, Andrew & Tindstad, Marie [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Rethinking digitalization and the right to education post-COVID-19. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2021). Ord skaper verden - om en jussprofessors makt og ansvar. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Jore, Sissel Haugdal (2021). 49- Rebuilding and Security After a Terrorist Attack: 22 July in Oslo. [Internet]. PRIO's Peace in a Pod. Full text in Research Archive
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora & Hjorth, Ingeborg Arntine Heitmann (2021). 50- Ten Years After 22 of July: Memory and Memorialization. [Internet]. PRIO's Peace in a Pod. Full text in Research Archive
Hjorth, Ingeborg Arntine Heitmann & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2021). Memory Wound og Utøykaia: minnearbeid som konflikt. Full text in Research Archive
Puyvallée, Antoine de Bengy; Jumbert, Maria Gabrielsen; Browning, Christopher; Marklund, Carl & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2021). Nordic peace, humanitarianism, and welfare model. Full text in Research Archive
Graver, Hans Petter; Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora; Nylund, Anna & Lintvedt, Mona Naomi (2021). Stortinget må vedta en ny lov dersom koronasertifikat skal innføres. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Arbeidet med den tekniske løsningen for et koronasertifikat er i full gang og myndighetene tenker å lansere den forenklede utgaven av koronasertifikatet i mai. Helsedirektoratet, Folkehelseinstituttet, Direktoratet for e-helse og Norsk helsenett SF utvikler sertifikatet slik at den tekniske løsningen er på plass innen regjeringen har vurdert og besluttet hva koronasertifikatet kan brukes til. Koronasertifikater er tenkt å inngå i europeisk samarbeid for å bidra til en trygg gjenåpning av Europa. Bruken av sertifikatene vil reguleres av nasjonale myndigheter i de ulike landene. Myndighetene ser ut til å ha oversett at det er Stortinget som må beslutte om innføring av et koronasertifikat og hva det kan brukes til. Dette viser at det fortsatt er slik, som påpekt av koronakommisjonen, at verken regjeringen eller sentrale forvaltningsorganer har spesielt mye oppmerksomhet rettet mot de overordnete prinsippene som omkranser rettsstaten. Resultatet kan bli at koronasertifikatet ikke kan innføres i mai som planlagt.
Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2024). Framing Humanitarian AI Conversations: What Do We Talk About When We Talk About Ethics? Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). ISSN 9788234306525. Full text in Research Archive
Paragi, Beáta & Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora (2022). Digital Risks in Disaster Situations. Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft; Ruhr University Bochum – Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict (IFHV). Full text in Research Archive

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Published May 19, 2016 1:17 PM - Last modified Apr. 27, 2026 9:50 AM

Kristin Bergtora Sandvik

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Kristin Bergtora Sandvik

Academic interests

Background

Teaching

Publications

Projects

Research groups

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