Alla Pozdnakova

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2026). Freedom of international maritime transport services in EU: a short commentary on C-413/24 Vlaams Gewest v P&O North Sea Ferries Limited. MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. 596, p. 37–46. Full text in Research Archive
• Middleton, Alexandra & Pozdnakova, Alla (2026). Arctic Deep Seabed Mining: a Comparative Analysis of Norway's Approach and Global Sustainability and Accountability Concerns. The Yearbook of Polar Law. ISSN 1876-8814. 17(2025), p. 145–175. doi: https:/brill.com/view/journals/yplo/17/1/article-p145_8.xml. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In 2024, Norway’s parliament approved a plan to open vast ocean areas, including Arctic waters, for commercial deep-sea mining exploration, sparking international opposition due to environmental concerns. This article conducts a comparative analy sis of legal preconditions for deep-sea mining globally, focusing on key aspects such as the application of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) processes, the robust ness of sustainability regulations, the nature of environmental commitments, and the effectiveness of accountability mechanisms. The Norwegian regulatory framework serves as a case study. Key findings demonstrate that both international approaches and the Norwegian framework require further refinement and alignment with global environmental protection mechanisms to provide robust accountability for environ mental protection. Amidst the international community’s call for a moratorium and further scientific research, this analysis concludes that the development of tailored sustainability regulations and, most critically, a truly robust and enforceable account ability system are imperative to protect the vulnerable Arctic ecosystem if such mining activities are to be considered

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2025). Compensation for damages caused by EU competition law infrigenements in the maritime transport section. In Bull, Hans Jacob; Bäcklund, Agneta; Herre, Johnny; Ramberg, Christina & Schelin, Johan (Ed.), Festskrift till Svante O. Johansson. Jure. ISSN 9789172239685. p. 541–555. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2025). Geoengineering and International Law. MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. p. 38–52. doi: https:/www.sjorettsfondet.no/journal/2025/589/m-558/Geoengineering_and_International_Law. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2025). Extraterritorial Criminal Jurisdiction in International Law and Environmental Space Crime. In Eski, Yarin & Lampkin, Jack (Ed.), Crime, Criminal Justice and Ethics in Outer Space International Perspectives. Routledge. ISSN 9781032567907. doi: 10.4324/9781003437178-17. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2024). The IMO and treaties: appraisal of the IMO’s contribution to future ocean governance 84. In Piñeiro, Laura Carballo & Mejia, Maximo Q. (Ed.), The Elgar Companion to the Law and Practice of the International Maritime Organization. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781802206876. p. 86–111. doi: 10.4337/9781802206883.00015. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2024). Ship Recycling and the Right to a Healthy Environment. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law. ISSN 0927-3522. p. 561–570. doi: 10.1163/15718085-bja10188. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article analyses the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (Hong Kong Convention) and shows that these agreements lay down environmental obligations – and sometimes corresponding rights – for States regarding the protection of health and the environment. Predictably, they do not envisage rights for the victims of environmental violations. Despite inherent and persistent limitations of international human rights in general and environmental rights in particular, a human right to a healthy environment may contribute in several ways to better environmental protection in the ship recycling sector. Importantly, the human rights-based approach to the environmental and health standards in ship recycling may reduce the troubling divergence between the Basel and Hong Kong frameworks and increase the minimum standards for sound and safe recycling, bringing it in line with European requirements.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2024). Transformation of the law of the sea into an equitable legal order: international solidarity for ocean commons, Research Handbook on International Solidarity and the Law. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781803923741. p. 366–398. doi: 10.4337/9781803923758.00021. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2023). Pollution of the Marine Environment by Spaceflights. In Platjouw, Froukje Maria & Pozdnakova, Alla (Ed.), The Environmental Rule of Law for Oceans - Designing Legal Solutions. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781009253741. p. 76–92. Full text in Research Archive
• Platjouw, Froukje Maria & Pozdnakova, Alla (2023). The Environmental Rule of Law for Oceans. In Platjouw, Froukje Maria & Pozdnakova, Alla (Ed.), The Environmental Rule of Law for Oceans - Designing Legal Solutions. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781009253741. p. 3–14. doi: 10.1017/9781009253741.004. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Many of our oceans and seas are under threat. Strengthening the environmental rule of law for better protection and sustainable use of the oceans is therefore urgent. This Chapter introduces the concept of the environmental rule of law for oceans and the diverse perspectives and topics that will be addressed throughout the book.

• Platjouw, Froukje Maria & Pozdnakova, Alla (2023). Legal Solutions for Oceans in Change: Mapping out the Way Forward. In Platjouw, Froukje Maria & Pozdnakova, Alla (Ed.), The Environmental Rule of Law for Oceans - Designing Legal Solutions. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781009253741. p. 361–376. doi: 10.1017/9781009253741.033. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This book addresses multiple perspectives on challenges and solutions to the environmental rule of law for oceans. Despite the variety of perspectives, topics and geographical areas covered, several cross-cutting challenges appear. These include the need for both flexibility and generality, as well as both specificity and fit-for-purpose law; a lack of clarity in definitions, provisions and laws; the urgent need for enhanced coordination and cooperation; and the need to improve implementation, compliance and enforcement. This closing chapter presents solutions in the context of (1) tackling existing and new pressures on the marine environment, (2) ensuring a proper balance between exploitation and protection of oceans and seas, (3) improving implementation, compliance and enforcement and (4) strengthening the rule of law in regional seas and oceans.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2023). The High Seas Treaty and Shipping. MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. 570, p. 30–44. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2021). The new Norwegian Space Law: work in progress. MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. 551, p. 103–126. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2020). Oceans as spaceports: state jurisdiction and responsibility for space launch projects at sea. Journal of International Maritime Law. ISSN 1478-8586. 26(4), p. 267–290. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sea-based launches of satellites provide advantages for the space sector, such as flexibility ofthe launching location, but may also pose security and environmental concerns for states in theproximity of launches. States must properly exercise their competences under international lawto supervise space activities under their jurisdiction effectively. This article examines theapplication of UNCLOS for determining state jurisdiction and responsibilities with regard tosuch activities, arguing that UNCLOS provides a relevant but not fully adequate framework forlaunches from sea, and may even prevent responsible states from meeting their obligations underthe Outer Space Treaty. The flag state regime fills in some of the jurisdictional gaps in space law,but the traditional approach to flag state jurisdiction under UNCLOS may not satisfactorilymeet the objectives of space law. The duty of ‘due regard’ is, in practice, crucial for regulatingthe conduct of sea-launching states, but depends on inter-state dialogue and cooperationeffectively to resolve potential conflicting uses of the sea. Effectiveness of the internationalresponsibility regime laid down in the Outer Space Treaty may be weakened by unclear andunder-developed standards of conduct. Further, it is necessary to ensure that liability for damagecaused by space objects launched from the high seas is not ‘channelled’ to the flag state of thelaunch facility. Interpretation of UNCLOS in light of the international space law objectives maybe helpful to resolve some of these issues, but workable solutions for safe launches from seamay only be found in further cooperation between the states concerned.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2020). Ship Recycling under international and EU law. MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. 535, p. 53–80. Full text in Research Archive
• Arnesen, Finn; Greaves, Rosa & Pozdnakova, Alla (2020). European Union law and the seabed. In Banet, Catherine (Eds.), The Law of the Seabed: Access, Uses, and Protection of Seabed Resources.. Brill | Nijhoff. ISSN 9789004391567. p. 315–334. doi: 10.1163/9789004391567_016. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Law of the Seabed reviews the most pressing legal questions raised by the use and protection of natural resources on and underneath the world’s seabeds. While barely accessible, the seabed plays a major role in the Earth’s ecological balance. It is both a medium and a resource, and is central to the blue economy. New uses and new knowledge about seabed ecosystems, and the risks of disputes due to competing interests, urge reflection on which regulatory approaches to pursue. The regulation of ocean activities is essentially sector-based, and the book puts in parallel the international and national regimes for seabed mining, oil and gas, energy generation, bottom fisheries, marine genetic resources, carbon sequestration and maritime security operations, both within and beyond the national jurisdiction. The book contains seven parts respectively addressing the definition of the seabed from a multidisciplinary perspective, the principles of jurisdiction delimitation under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the regimes for use of non-living, living and marine biodiversity resources, the role of state and non-state actors, the laying and removal of installations, the principles for sustainable and equitable use (common heritage of mankind, precaution, benefit sharing), and management tools to ensure coexistence between activities as well as the protection of the marine environment.

• Maiani, Francesco; Pozdnakova, Alla & Progin-Theuerkauf, Sarah (2019). Extra Unionem nulla salus? Teaching and researching EU law in Norway and Switzerland. The Law Teacher. ISSN 0306-9400. 53(2), p. 160–172. doi: 10.1080/03069400.2019.1582206. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2018). Public policy as a ground for refusal to enforce EU antitrust damages awards. Oslo Law Review. 1, p. 4–20. doi: 10.18261/issn.2387-3299-2018-01-01. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Brussels I Regulation is crucial for the effectiveness of EU competition law in the field of private enforcement because it provides a legal framework for the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, which includes antitrust damages cases. However, the interaction between the rules governing private enforcement of EU competition law and the Regulation is unclear. This article discusses one of the issues arising from this interaction, namely, whether the public policy objection envisaged in the Regulation may be invoked to refuse recognition and enforcement of an antitrust damages award. The argument advanced in this article is that the public policy exception can be invoked successfully in the case of a serious violation of the procedural rights of the defendant. By contrast, the public policy exception is generally not applicable if enforcement of a foreign award may lead to infringement of substantive national provisions, even those of fundamental importance for the Member State in which enforcement is sought. This would go against the rights and principles of EU competition law, such as the principle of effectiveness and the right to full compensation for antitrust-related damages.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2017). Aleksei Petruhhin: Extradition of EU Citizens to Third States. European Papers (EP). 2(1), p. 209–222. doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/133. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Extradition agreements between Member States and third States fall within the competence of Member States, but the ruling in Aleksei Petruhhin (Court of Justice, judgment of 6 September 2016, case C-182/15 [GC]) shows that Member States must exercise this competence in light of EU law if extradition may affect an EU citizen’s fundamental rights protected under the Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. This can be the case if the EU citizen who is subject to extradition has exercised his right to free movement by moving from his home State to another Member State. Extradition of Petruhhin, an Estonian citizen, was requested by Russia while he was exercising his right to freedom of movement and residence in Latvia. As is the case in many States, the national law of Latvia does not extend the same level of protection against extradition to foreign citizens, as to its own nationals. The Court of Justice ruled that in such a case, extradition of an EU citizen to a third State is generally prohibited under Art. 18 TFEU and can only be justified if the prosecution in the home Member State is not possible. In addition, this case confirms earlier rulings that the extradition of an EU citizen will not be permitted if his fundamental rights under the Charter will be endangered in the requesting State. The case concerns prohibitions of absolute character, such as prohibition against torture and degrading treatment. To determine the possibility of breach of rights under the Charter, the Member State must undertake a rigorous verification of the level of protection of human rights in the relevant third State before deciding whether to grant the extradition request.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2016). Historic shipwrecks - contemporary challenges: Protection of the underwater cultural heritage. MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. 473, p. 97–128. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2015). Offshore installations as the arena for environmental protests. MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. 456, p. 287–368. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2014). The impact of European Union Law on freedom of contract in the port sector. MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. p. 51–68. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2014). Competition infringements in the port sector: a case commentary. European Competition Law Review (ECLR). ISSN 0144-3054. 35(4), p. 196–200. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2011). Criminal sanctions for ship-source pollution Den offentlige påtalemyndighet (Public prosecution authorities) mot A og Q (MV Full City) Court of Appeal, Agder, Norway, 22 June 2011. Journal of International Maritime Law. ISSN 1478-8586. 17(4), p. 255–259. doi: 10.1163/9789004210004_003. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  With permission from the journal.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2010). Excessive Pricing and the Prohibition of the Abuse of a Dominant Position. World Competition Law and Economics Review. ISSN 1011-4548. 33(1), p. 121–139. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article contributes to the European debate on exploitative pricing abuses by dominant undertakings. Although it is questionable whether competition policy should interfere with such market behaviour, case law shows that Article 82 EC applies, in principle, to exploitative pricing abuses by dominant undertakings. The legal test for excessive pricing needs further clarification and simplification, although the test must remain sufficiently flexible for application on a case-by-case basis. The author discusses a range of factors to be taken into account when assessing the pricing policies of dominant undertakings and proposes extending the test beyond the cost-price analysis and to take into account other economic and behavioural considerations. The author further suggests that exploitative pricing abuses may arise not only under conditions of monopoly, where a single dominant company abuses its market power but also in markets jointly dominated by several actors (oligopoly). Exploitative pricing abuses under conditions of oligopoly may thus be tackled through the application of Article 82.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2010). New liner-consortia block-exemption: a legislative commentary. European Competition Law Review (ECLR). ISSN 0144-3054. 31(10), p. 415–420. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2009). Information Exchange Agreements between Liner Shipping Companies under EC Competition Law. In Antapassis, Antonis; Athanassiou, Lia I. & Røsæg, Erik (Ed.), Competition and regulation in shipping and shipping related industries. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9789004173958. p. 26–42. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2009). An overview of Russian maritime Safety Regulation (with particular focus on port control). MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. p. 153–166. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2009). Places of refuge for vessels in the Barents Sea: perspectives of the Norwegian-Russian cooperation. Journal of International Maritime Law. ISSN 1478-8586. 15(6), p. 495–507. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2009). Buyer power in the retail trading sector: evolving Latvian regulation. European Competition Law Review (ECLR). ISSN 0144-3054. 30(8), p. 387–392. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2007). Anonymity of shipowners as a maritime security problem - EU law implications. MarIus. ISSN 0332-7868. p. 105–132. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2003). (Implementation of EU law in maritime law in Latvia). In Alehno, I. (Eds.), Eiropas savienibas tiesibu istenosana Latvija. Latvijas Vestnesis. ISSN 9789984731285. Full text in Research Archive

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• Platjouw, Froukje Maria & Pozdnakova, Alla (2023). The Environmental Rule of Law for Oceans - Designing Legal Solutions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781009253741. 380 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2022). The Environmental Rule of Law for the Oceans. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781009253741. 300 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2019). Russian Revolutions of 1917: Scandinavian Perspectives. Wildy, Simmons and Hill Publishing. ISBN 9780854902750. 281 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2013). Criminal Jurisdiction over Perpetrators of Ship-Source Pollution: International Law, State Practice and EU Harmonization. Brill | Nijhoff. ISBN 9789004209992. 346 p. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2008). Liner Shipping and EU Competition Law. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 9789041127174. 492 p. Full text in Research Archive

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• Pozdnakova, Alla (2023). Space Legal Framework; Surveillance & Monitoring. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2023). Baltic Sea – shipping and environmental challenges. Law of the sea perspective in a geopolitical context. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2023). Arctic and Future Law of the Sea. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2023). lovkommentar til lov om oppskyting i verdensrommet. Karnov lovkommentarer. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2022). Nordstream Leaks and Sabotage: issues of marine environmental protection. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2022). Spaceflight and Protection of the Marine Environment. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2022). Space infrastructure for a sustainable Arctic: opportunities and challenges of spaceport development in the High North. The Arctic Institute. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2022). Ship Recycling and the Right to Healthy Environment. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2022). The International and European Economic Area Law in Administrative Cases: Norwegian Courts’ Approach. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2021). De fleste katastrofer til sjøs involverer skip som seiler under bekvemmelighetsflagg. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2021). Right into Orbit: Reform of the Norwegian Space Law. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2020). Bokanmeldelse. Andreas van den Heuvel: Minstelønn – forpliktelser, begrensninger og løsninger. Oslo 2019, Gyldendal, 450 sider. Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap. ISSN 0040-7143. p. 517–525. Full text in Research Archive
• Kanestrøm, Jorunn; Platjouw, Froukje Maria & Pozdnakova, Alla (2020). ‘Globale juridiske regler er nødvendig for å finne løsninger på plastforurensningen’, Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2019). Outer Space and polar regions: challenges for international law and governance. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2019). Romjussen: Bærekraftig bruk av satellittbaner og rettigheter i forbindelse med ressursutvinning. Full text in Research Archive
• Røsæg, Erik & Pozdnakova, Alla (2019). Resolving snow crab controversies – from dispute settlement to comprehensive solutions. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2019). Introduction. In Pozdnakova, Alla (Eds.), Russian Revolutions of 1917: Scandinavian Perspectives. Wildy, Simmons and Hill Publishing. ISSN 9780854902750. p. xiii–xvii. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2019). Arctic and Outer Space: Law Perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2019). Russlands anvendelse av miljøstandarder for skipsfart i Arktis. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2018). European Economic Area and Norway model considered (oral evidence)/EU Exiting Committee, House of Commons. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2018). Har ikke skjønt alvoret. [Journal]. Dagens Næringsliv. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Jusprofessor Alla Pozdnakova mener forsikringsselskaper og andre shippingaktører lenge har visst om praksisen med ulovlig skipshugging, men gjort lite for å stoppe den. Nå må de legge om: - Det er ikke bare rederiene som kan straffes, sier hun. •Det er en veldig spennende sak. Jusprofessor Alla Pozdnakova ved Nordisk institutt for sjørett ved Universitetet i Oslo har jobbet med miljøreguleringer for shippingbransjen gjennom flere år. Hun kjenner få saker som ligner den norske «Harrier»-saken. Som omtalt i DN, har Økokrim siktet flere i den pågående etterforskningen om det gamle lasteskipet «Harrier». Etter et motorhavari utenfor Jæren i 2017 på vei ut av Norge, fattet norske myndigheter raskt mistanke om at lasteskipet skulle sendes ulovlig til hugging på den milelange Gadani-stranden i Pakistan. •Denne saken viser veldig tydelig de problemstillingene som oppstår med skipsfart. Det er nemlig veldig sjelden noe skjer i bakgården vår – med mindre det skjer et forlis utenfor kysten hos oss. De fleste av disse forbrytelsene skjer langt unna der vi bor og er godt skjult for oss. Fortsatt finnes det ikke noe internasjonalt forbud mot såkalt beaching, eller strandhugging, slik at det i mange tilfeller ikke er ulovlig. Men siden 2015 har det vært forbudt å sende kasserte skip som befinner seg i norsk farvann til strandhugging, etter den såkalte avfallsforordningen fra EU, som er en del av norsk lov. •Det er veldig viktig at man nå gir en faktisk virkning til lovbestemmelsene vi har fått. Dette er ganske nytt både i Norge og i EU. Mange har nok fortsatt ikke skjønt alvoret. Denne saken burde være en vekker for hele bransjen. Pozdnakova mener shippingbransjen, også i Norge, har gjort for lite for å hindre strandhugging. •De burde ha tenkt på dette for lenge siden, og det bør absolutt tenke på det nå. Selv om de tidligere ikke hadde straffansvar burde jo alle i bransjen gjort alt mulig for å hindre dette. Hun er klar på at det er mange ulike aktører i bransjen som kan straffes hvis et skip nå sendes ulovlig fra Norge til strandhugging. •Det er ikke bare rederiene som har fagkunnskap om bransjen, dette er noe alle vet om. Både forsikringsselskapene og andre aktører som utsteder sertifikater bør vise tilstrekkelig aktsomhet for at useriøse aktører ikke skal fortsette med dette. Det er ikke bare selskaper som kan straffes etter forurensningsloven. Sentrale personer i ledelsen hos selskapene kan få personlig straffansvar. •Rettspraksis viser at forurensningsloven gjelder både selskaper og ansatte med lederansvaret for den relevante delen av virksomheten, for eksempel daglig leder. Hvem som visste hva kan typisk være sentrale spørsmål, mener Pozdnakova, samtidig som hun påpeker at terskelen for uaktsomhet er nokså lav. •I hver sak må man selvfølgelig vurdere bevisene for at involverte personer og selskaper har visst hva som skulle skje med skipet. Men profesjonelle som opererer i shippingbransjen pleier å vite hvordan den fungerer, så det er gode grunner til å anta at man vet hva som skal skje med et skip som skal sendes for eksempel til en strand i Pakistan. Noen vil kanskje si at de stolte på at rederiet handlet lovlig, men det er ikke sikkert de vil være vernet mot straffansvar i slike saker. Pozdnakova understreker at det finnes lite rettspraksis på området, og at «Harrier»-saken kan bli viktig for fremtidige saker. Både de juridiske spørsmålene og bevisspørsmålene blir viktige, mener hun: •Denne saken blir ikke lett. Som i straffesaker kommer den til å bli grundig, og dette er ofte ressurssterke selskaper. Økokrim må ruste seg, for her kommer det til å komme mange advokater.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2018). Etterlyser norsk reaksjon. [Journal]. Dag og Tid. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  – Åtferda mot dei som var på båten, står òg fram som unødvendig streng. I 2010 stogga og borda israelarane ei rekkje skip som segla inn mot Gaza under aksjonen Freedom Flotilla. På ein av båtane mista ni menneske livet under bordinga, så det var meir dramatiske konsekvensar, men i begge tilfella er poenget at det er urimeleg bruk av makt, i tillegg til at sjølve stogginga er urimeleg. – Burde ikkje dette vere ei sjølvsagt sak for norske styresmakter å reagere på? – Jau, det er vanleg at flaggstatar reagere når ein annan stat grip inn til havs. I 2015 vart ein svensk båt stogga av Israel under like omstende som no, og då sende Sverige ein formell protest til Israel. Etter det som er kjent i media, har norske styresmakter berre sendt førespurnad om kva som har skjedd med båten. Det synest eg er svært pussig. Ikkje minst fordi FNs generalforsamling nyleg vedtok ein resolusjon som kritiserer Israels oppførsel mot sivilbefolkninga i Gaza og tiltaka som avgrensar innføring av proviantar til området. Resolusjonen nemner ikkje uttrykkjeleg sjøblokaden, men omhandlar grensekryssing, så det inkluderer ei fordømming av korleis Israel fører blokaden òg på sjøen. Blokade og folkeretten – Ein FN-rapport i 2011 konkluderte med at Israel brukte urimeleg makt mot konvoien i 2010, men vurderte ikkje den israelske sjøblokaden av Gaza i seg sjølv som ulovleg. Kva legitimitet har blokaden i dag? – I 2011 var det ikkje så lenge sidan blokaden hadde starta. I dag ser vi at kontrollen med grensekryssingar både på land og til havs har vorte mykje strengare. Vi veit òg at det er reell mangel på mat, vatn og grunnleggjande utstyr i Gaza. Sjølv om Israel i prinsippet har rett til å innføre tiltak, inkludert ein sjøblokade, for å forsvare seg frå angrep frå Hamas og andre militante grupper, utøver Israel no sjølvforsvaret langt utover kva folkeretten tillèt. – Kva bør norske styresmakter gjere? – Dei bør protestere overfor Israel på arrestasjonen av det norske skipet.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2018). Shipping on the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and legal challenges for the marine environmental protection: discussion in light of the Arctic Council experiences. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2018). Arctic and the Outer Space. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2018). Skipsopphugging og beaching - oversikt over regelverket. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2018). Brexit and the EEA Agreement: A Public International Law Perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2017). Interview with Professor William E. Butler. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Interview with Professor William E. Butler at the Law Faculty, University of Oslo Oslo 8 November 2017 By Professor Alla Pozdnakova Butler, William E. is John Edward Fowler Distinguished Professor of Law, Penn State University Dickinson Law and the preeminent authority on the law of Russia and other former Soviet republics and the author, co-author, editor, or translator of more than 120 books on Soviet, Russian, Ukrainian and other Commonwealth of Independent States legal systems. This interview is given in the extension of the discussions, which took place at the conference organized by the Law Faculty in November 2017 “Russian Revolution(s) 1917 in the Nordic Perspective”. In this interview Professor Butler reflects on the Comparative Law and Comparative approach to international law, gives his insights into the Soviet and Russian law and legal system. He discusses the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in its historic and contemporary dimension and shares his thoughts on Norway and Arctic politics. Professor Butler also tells us about his life-long career in the international law and comparative law, and in particular how his interest in the Soviet legal system evolved. The interview provides interesting insights for everyone working with or studying international law and governance, including law of the sea, comparative law and Soviet&Russian law, both its historic and modern aspects.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2017). Langvarig tilbakeholdelse av skip i fremmede havn - internasjonale rettsmidler. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2017). Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage: Flag State Rights and Responsibilities. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2017). Abuse of dominance – sectoral examples (maritime port sector). Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2017). EEA – Norwegian experience of association with EU. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2017). Mutual dis-trust and other hinders for the effective private enforcement in EU antitrust cases. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2016). Martin Hennig: Frihandel med helseskadelige rus- og næringsmidler – EU- og EØS-rettens rammer for nasjonalt vern av folkehelsen. Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap. ISSN 0040-7143. 02(03), p. 324–329. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2016). Havets skattepionerer - skipsredere og lånte flagg. [Radio]. http://taxjustice.no/ressurser/taxcast-havets-skattepionerer. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2016). Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2009). International Law in the Russian Courts, illustrated by the Telenor case. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2009). Legal issues surrounding risk prevention illustrated by maritime sector. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  No one would dispute that shipping is associated with numerous dangers, but the potential risks of shipping activities would be defined differently by shipowners and by society in general. To the general public, the main result of an oil spill from a tanker is environmental damage. But for a shipowner, a spill is all about its liability to the victims of the pollution. Such liability can be insured and shipping companies’ risk management strategies tend to address the financial consequences of such incidents (the compensation of victims), rather than how to prevent or minimise them. How should we address the different attitudes of society and individual market actors to the concept of risk? One regulatory response so far has been to oblige shipping companies to develop a culture of safety on board and to impose criminal sanctions for serious violations of safety rules. Nevertheless, in this author’s view, these rules do not eliminate but rather enhance the above-mentioned divergence in the definition of risk: criminal liability has become just another risk for the shipowner that he needs to avoid. The shipowner’s aim will be to avoid liability, but not necessarily by avoiding the unlawful conduct as such. Another result of this divergence is that seafarers themselves are increasingly viewed as potential criminals, which in practice has resulted in restrictions of their rights and greater exposure to coercive measures by the public authorities. How should we modernise approaches to risk in the maritime sector and what, if any, contribution can be made by the law? To what extent may/should the solution reflect interests of society and shipping companies? The proposed presentation will build on my postdoctoral research and accordingly will deal with issues of risk in the context of criminal liability for marine pollution.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2008). Gjesteforelesning om norsk og russisk rett (komparativ studie). Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2008). Cooperation of liner carriers under EC Competition law - wtih focus on information exchanges. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2008). Russian Shipping Safety Regulation: a Comparative Study. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2008). Kontrol innostrannih sudov v portah Norvegii (Port State control in Norway). Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2007). Sravnitelno-pravovoj analiz na primere Norvegii (Comparative Legal Research: a Norwegian approach). Full text in Research Archive
• Arnesen, Finn; Furuseth, Hanna Vik; Pozdnakova, Alla & Ringbom, Henrik (2019). Norske lønns- og arbeidsvilkår for sjøfolk i norske farvann og på norsk kontinentalsokkel. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla; Røsæg, Erik & Ringbom, Henrik Mikael (2019). Legal Issues Related To The Agreement On Cooperation On Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness And Response In The Arctic (MOSPA) Summary Report. Arctic Council. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This summary report is based on a comprehensive study commissioned by the Norwegian Coastal Administration and was written by Alla Pozdnakova, Henrik Ringbom, and Erik Røsæg of the Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law at the University of Oslo in the fall of 2018. This report recommends suggestions for actions regarding legal issues on cooperation related to the MOSPA Agreement.

• Pozdnakova, Alla (2016). Filtering, blocking and take-down of illegal content on the Internet (Country report -Latvia). Council of Europe. Full text in Research Archive
• Pozdnakova, Alla (2007). Liner shipping : a competition law analysis. Nordisk institutt for sjørett. Full text in Research Archive

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