Catherine Banet

Ph.D-thesis: “Tradable green certificates schemes under EU law: the influence of EU law on national support schemes for renewable electricity generation” (UniPub, 2012) (Kluwer, forthcoming 2014). Nominated to the King’s Gold Medal.

• Banet, Catherine (2020). The Law of the Seabed., In Catherine Banet (ed.),  The Law of the Seabed: Access, Uses, and Protection of Seabed Resources..  Brill|Nijhoff.  ISBN 978-90-04-39156-7.  Introduction.  s 1 - 18
• Bjørnebye, Henrik & Banet, Catherine (2019). Licensing regime: Norway, In Eduardo Guedes Pereira & Henrik Bjørnebye (ed.),  Regulating offshore petroleum Resources. The British and Norwegian model.  Edward Elgar Publishing.  ISBN 9781785368905.  Chapter 4.  s 96 - 126
• Leiren, Merethe Dotterud; Szulecki, Kacper; Rayner, Tim & Banet, Catherine (2019). Energy security concerns versus market harmony: The Europeanisation of capacity mechanisms. Politics and Governance.  ISSN 2183-2463.  7(1), s 92- 104 . doi: 10.17645/pag.v7i1.1791 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  The impact of renewables on the energy markets–falling wholesale electricity prices and lower investment stability–are apparently creating a shortage of energy project financing, which in future could lead to power supply shortages. Governments have responded by introducing payments for capacity, alongside payments for energy being sold. The increasing use of capacity mechanisms (CMs) in the EU has created tensions between the European Commission, which encourages cross-country cooperation, and Member States that favour backup solutions such as capacity markets and strategic reserves. We seek to trace the influence of the European Commission on national capacity markets as well as learning between Member States. Focusing on the United Kingdom, France and Poland, the analysis shows that energy security concerns have been given more emphasis than the functioning of markets by Member States. Policy developments have primarily been domestically driven, but the European Commission has managed to impose certain elements, most importantly a uniform methodology to assess future supply security, as well as specific requirements for national capacity markets: interconnectors to neighbouring countries, demand side responses and continuous revision of CMs. Learning from other Member States’ experiences also play a role in policy decisions.

• Smith, Don; Banet, Catherine & Martinez Romera, Beatriz (2019). Teaching the law of energy transition in the era of internationalisation and digitalisation of legal university education: the Transatlantic University Collaboration in Climate Change and Energy Law (TUCCCEL) programme. Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law.  ISSN 0264-6811.  37(4), s 443- 464 . doi: 10.1080/02646811.2019.1663048 Show summary

  Building on existing literature on university legal education for energy and climate change law, this article presents a novel course on the law of energy transition, financed by the European Union. The article delves into the emergence of the idea for the project, the development of the proposal for the course to the European Commission, and the first offering of the course ‘EU-US Comparative Climate Change and Energy Transition Law', which ran from February to April 2019. The article is framed around the emerging trends towards internationalisation and digitalisation of legal education, which are essential features of the TUCCCEL programme.

• Banet, Catherine (2018). Prosumer Legislation in Norway: A First Step for Empowering Small Energy Consumers., In Martha Roggenkamp & Catherine Banet (ed.),  European energy law report Volume XII.  Intersentia.  ISBN 978-1-78068-672-1.  VIII.  s 169 - 189 Show summary

  Electricity generation in Norway is almost totally based on renewable energy sources, mostly hydropower (96.3% in 2016), followed by thermal power (2.3%) and wind power (1.4%). The price of electricity for end-users is also relatively low compared to the rest of Europe. The absence of an immediate need to ‘green’ the energy generation mix any further or to generate cheaper electricity explains the absence, for the majority of energy consumers, of a strong need to start producing electricity themselves and to turn into prosumers. Meanwhile, households and other small energy consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the existing opportunities and may find new financial motivations in higher electricity prices. Together with the direct grants provided by the state enterprise Enova SF for the installation of renewable energy solutions, one of the strongest signals given by the Government in favour of prosumption comes from a recent amendment to the network tariffs legislation, which now provides a clear legal basis for the regime applicable to prosumers, focusing on residential prosumers, small businesses and buildings. This chapter discusses the changes that have been made to the Norwegian legal regime to accommodate the development of prosumers. Section 2 examines how the law defines the concept of prosumers. Section 3 discusses permitting requirements and the prosumers’ rights and duties as to grid and market access. Section 4 gives an overview of the existing financial incentives in favour of prosumption. Section 5 concludes with an assessment of the current legal regime.

• Banet, Catherine (2018). Techno-nationalism in the context of energy transition. Regulating Technology innovation transfer in offshore Wind technologies, In Donald N. Zillman; Martha Roggenkamp; Leroy Paddock & Lee Godden (ed.),  Innovation in energy Law and Technology. Dynamic solutions for energy transitions.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 978-0-19-882208-0.  Part 5.  s 74 - 99
• Banet, Catherine (2017). Effectiveness in Climate Regulation: Simultaneous Application of a Carbon Tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme to the Offshore Petroleum Sector in Norway. Carbon and Climate Law Review.  ISSN 1864-9904.  11(1), s 25- 38 . doi: /10.21552/cclr/2017/1/5
• Banet, Catherine (2017). Legal framework to develop offshore Wind Power in France, In Anton Ming-Zhi Gao & Chien-Te Fan (ed.),  The Development of a comprehensive legal framework for the promotion of offshore Wind Power. The lessons from Europe and Pasific Asia.  Wolters Kluwer.  ISBN 978-90-411-8397-2.  Chapter 3.  s 59 - 86
• Banet, Catherine (2017). Legal framework to develop offshore Wind Power in Norway, In Anton Ming-Zhi Gao & Chien-Te Fan (ed.),  The Development of a comprehensive legal framework for the promotion of offshore Wind Power. The lessons from Europe and Pasific Asia.  Wolters Kluwer.  ISBN 978-90-411-8397-2.  Chapter 5.  s 103 - 142
• Banet, Catherine (2017). The Paris agreement to the UNFCCC: underlying Dynamics and expexted consequences for the energy sector, In Martha Roggenkamp & Catherine Banet (ed.),  European energy Law report XI.  Intersentia.  ISBN 978-1-78068-469-7.  Chapter IV.  s 71 - 91
• Banet, Catherine (2016). Enabling the crowdfunding of energy projects: the regulation of small-scale community financing in Europe, In Lila Barrera-Hernandez; Barry Barton; Lee Godden; Alastair Lucas & Anita Rønne (ed.),  Sharing the costs and benefits of energy and resource activity. Legal change and impact on communities.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 9780198767954.  Kapittel 18.  s 317 - 337
• Banet, Catherine (2015). Coexistence and Interaction Between Offshore Petroleum Activities and Surrounding Physical Environment: Area Use and Emissions Regulation. The Norwegian Case.. Oil, Gas and Energy Law (OGEL).  ISSN 1875-418X.  13(6)
• Banet, Catherine (2015). Coexistence and interaction between offshore petroleum activities and surrounding physical environment: area use and emissions regulation. MarIus.  ISSN 0332-7868.  456, s 257- 286
• Banet, Catherine (2010). Terms and conditions of renewable energy certificates trading in the United States, In Bram Delvaux; Michael Hunt & Kim Talus (ed.),  EU energy law and policy issues. ELRF collection. Second edition.  Euroconfidentiel.  ISBN 978-2-930066-72-1.  Section 4.4.  s 323 - 360
• Banet, Catherine (2009). Non-nuclear energy. Yearbook of International Environmental Law.  ISSN 0965-1721.  18, s 288- 309
• Banet, Catherine (2009). Regulering av utslipp fra skipsfart. MarIus.  ISSN 0332-7868.  (371), s 73- 77
• Banet, Catherine (2008). Bioenergy as integration of the sustainable development principle in energy policy. The particular case of EC biomass regulation, In Hans Christian Bugge & Christina Voigt (ed.),  Sustainable development in international and national law.  Europa Law Publishing.  ISBN 978-90-76871-84-4.  Chapter 4.4.  s 445 - 473
• Banet, Catherine (2008). The use of market-based instruments in the transition from a carbon-based economy, In Donald N. Zillman; Catherine Redgwell; Yinka O. Omorogbe & Lila K. Barrera-Hernandez (ed.),  Beyond the carbon economy. Energy law in transition.  Oxford University Press.  ISBN 978-0-19-953269-8.  10.  s 207 - 230

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• Banet, Catherine (ed.) (2020). The Law of the Seabed: Access, Uses, and Protection of Seabed Resources.. Brill|Nijhoff.  ISBN 978-90-04-39156-7.  640 s. Show summary

  The Law of the Seabed reviews the most pressing legal questions raised by the use and protection of natural resources on and underneath the world’s seabeds. While barely accessible, the seabed plays a major role in the Earth’s ecological balance. It is both a medium and a resource, and is central to the blue economy. New uses and new knowledge about seabed ecosystems, and the risks of disputes due to competing interests, urge reflection on which regulatory approaches to pursue. The regulation of ocean activities is essentially sector-based, and the book puts in parallel the international and national regimes for seabed mining, oil and gas, energy generation, bottom fisheries, marine genetic resources, carbon sequestration and maritime security operations, both within and beyond the national jurisdiction. The book contains seven parts respectively addressing the definition of the seabed from a multidisciplinary perspective, the principles of jurisdiction delimitation under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the regimes for use of non-living, living and marine biodiversity resources, the role of state and non-state actors, the laying and removal of installations, the principles for sustainable and equitable use (common heritage of mankind, precaution, benefit sharing), and management tools to ensure coexistence between activities as well as the protection of the marine environment.

• Banet, Catherine & Roggenkamp, Martha (2020). European Energy Law Report XIII. Intersentia.  ISBN 978-1-78068-950-0.  469 s. Show summary

  This volume includes chapters on "Newcomers in the Electricity Market: Aggregators and Storage", "Hydropower Concessions in the EU: A Need for Liberalisation or Privatisation?", "Investments and des-Investments in the Energy Sector", "Offshore Decommissioning in the North Sea", "CCS as a Climate Tool: North Sea Practice" and "From EU Climate Goals to National Climate Laws".

• Roggenkamp, Martha & Banet, Catherine (ed.) (2018). European energy law report Volume XII. Intersentia.  ISBN 978-1-78068-672-1.  291 s.
• Roggenkamp, Martha & Banet, Catherine (ed.) (2017). European energy Law report XI. Intersentia.  ISBN 978-1-78068-469-7.  345 s.

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• Banet, Catherine (2020). Fast-tracking pathways for clean hydrogen - Legal and policy frameworks for re-designing gas markets..
• Banet, Catherine (2020, 28. februar). On the road to climate neutrality.. [Internett].  Montel News Weekly Podcast.. Show summary

  Ahead of the European Commission publication of its Climate Law next week, this pod discusses the implications for Europe’s energy sector. Listen to a discussion on carbon border taxes, sector coupling, ETS reform and decarbonising gas.

• Banet, Catherine (2020). Regulating re-use and repurposing of installations for CCS and energy system integration..
• Banet, Catherine (2020). Regulating the re-use and re-purposing of oil and gas installations for CCS in the context of decommissioning..
• Banet, Catherine (2020). Regulating the re-use and repurposing of oil and gas installations in the context of decommissioning..
• Banet, Catherine (2020). Sector coupling: EU law and energy policy strategy..
• Banet, Catherine & Nickelsen, Trine (2020, 01. april). De skal sikre miljøet og rettighetene: Havbunnen på topp hos juristene.. [Fagblad].  Apollon.
• Anell, Ingrid Margareta; Banet, Catherine; Weber, Viktor; Vold, Sofie Fogstad; Riseng, Cathrine; Seglem, Heidi & Svendsen Skriung, Camilla (2019). The role of law in CCS deployment – Regulatory incentives to enable carbon capture and storage (CCS) in Norway.
• Banet, Catherine (2019). Book conclusions presentation: "The Law of the Seabed: Access, Uses and Protection of Seabed Resources.". Show summary

  The Law of the Seabed reviews the most pressing legal questions raised by the use and protection of natural resources on and underneath the world’s seabeds. While barely accessible, the seabed plays a major role in the Earth’s ecological balance. It is both a medium and a resource, and is central to the blue economy. New uses and new knowledge about seabed ecosystems, and the risks of disputes due to competing interests, urge reflection on which regulatory approaches to pursue. The regulation of ocean activities is essentially sector-based, and the book puts in parallel the international and national regimes for seabed mining, oil and gas, energy generation, bottom fisheries, marine genetic resources, carbon sequestration and maritime security operations, both within and beyond the national jurisdiction. The book contains seven parts respectively addressing the definition of the seabed from a multidisciplinary perspective, the principles of jurisdiction delimitation under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the regimes for use of non-living, living and marine biodiversity resources, the role of state and non-state actors, the laying and removal of installations, the principles for sustainable and equitable use (common heritage of mankind, precaution, benefit sharing), and management tools to ensure coexistence between activities as well as the protection of the marine environment.

• Banet, Catherine (2019). "Decarbonising the European energy industry. Opportunities in the business area of carbon capture and storage (CCS).".
• Banet, Catherine (2019). "Electricity network tariffs regulation: between the need for new investments and a fair energy transition.".
• Banet, Catherine (2019). "Energilovgivning i EU og betydningen for norske kraftselskap.".
• Banet, Catherine (2019). Energy and Climate Plans: the affirmation of a new legal instrument for completing the energy transition..
• Banet, Catherine (2019, 05. november). "I dag starter andre runde av klimasøksmålet: – Vil bli flere slike saker i Norge.". [Internett].  nrk.no.
• Banet, Catherine (2019). «Kraftsalgskontrakter», Corporate Renewable Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) sett i lys av EU-retten..
• Banet, Catherine (2019). "Public support to carbon capture and storage (CCS) under EU state aid rules.".
• Banet, Catherine (2019). Public support to carbon capture and storage (CCS) under EU state aid rules..
• Banet, Catherine (2019). Rør- og sjøtransport av CO2. Juridiske hindringer for å gjennomføre fullskala CO2-håndtering..
• Banet, Catherine (2019). Sector-coupling in the North Sea: decarbonising and creating new value by coupling the energy systems. Seizing a window of opportunity..
• Banet, Catherine (2019). The role of hydrogen and carbon capture and storage within EU sector-coupling policy. Identifying legal principles for gas market re-design..
• Banet, Catherine & Goldberg, Silke (2019). Evolution of national support schemes for renewable energy sources..
• Banet, Catherine & O'Brien, Alice (2019). Enabling the H2-CCS value chain by law: business models, risk mitigation, incentives and legal frameworks..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Bio-CCS: regulating carbon negativity..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (Bio-CCS): moving from carbon neutrality to carbon negativity as a legal requirement..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Climate litigation: how could comparative law be instructive to the Norwegian judiciary..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Crowdfunding of low carbon measures in agriculture..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Crowdfunding regulation in Europe and Norway..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). EUs godkjenning av nasjonale kapasitetsmekanismer..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Joint workshop on CCS risk and liability sharing.
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Kraftkontrakter: Corporate Renewable PPAs sett i lys av EU-retten..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Nytt fornybardirektiv og styringssystem for energiunionen: Rettslige virkninger for EØS-landet Norge?. Show summary

  Med enigheten i EU om fornybardirektiv inklusive et skjerpet fornybarmål og krav til nasjonale planer og tiltak fra medlemslandene som bakteppe, har vi bedt Catherine Banet komme med noen første vurderinger av hva dette kan ha å si for Norge i praksis, samt EØS-relevansen.

• Banet, Catherine (2018). State of play of support schemes for renewable electricity generation in France: a legal review..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Status Frankrikes energiomstilling og klimapolitikk..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). The French regime for hydropower concessions under EU scrutiny: Opening-up to competition … or not..
• Banet, Catherine (2018). Utenlandsk deltagelse i nasjonale kapasitetsmekanismer: en juridisk analyse..
• Banet, Catherine & Bygrave, Lee Andrew (2018). Blockchain i energibransjen: Et juridisk perspektiv.
• Banet, Catherine & Wettestad, Jørgen (2018). Frankrike som EUs nye klimaleder?. Energi og Klima : Norsk klimastiftelses nettmagasin. Show summary

  Frankrike har vært kjernekraftlandet, litt i skyggen av Storbritannia og Tyskland i klima- og energipolitikken i Europa. Landet får fortsatt 75 prosent av sin energiforsyning fra kjernekraft. Men dette skal ned til 50 prosent i løpet av 2020-årene, og vind og sol skal trappes opp for å supplere vannkraft (som er viktigst innen fornybar energi så langt). Nå har Brexit og interne politiske konflikter i Tyskland svekket disse to tungvekternes rolle i EUs klimapolitikk. Emmanuel Macron som ble president i mai 2017 og hans regjering har lansert flere initiativer, både når det gjelder videre styrking av fornybarpolitikken og klimakvotesystemet. Hva er så status for politikken på disse områdene? Hva er sentrale bakgrunnsfaktorer? Hvor går Frankrike videre i denne sammenhengen? Disse spørsmålene diskuterer vi i denne artikkelen.

• Leiren, Merethe Dotterud; Szulecki, Kacper; Banet, Catherine; Boasson, Elin Lerum; Wettestad, Jørgen & Bjermeland, Monica (2018). Panel: Utviklingen av støttesystemer for fornybar energi i seks europeiske land.
• Leiren, Merethe Dotterud; Szulecki, Kacper; Banet, Catherine & Rayner, Tim (2018). Black-out concerns against markets: Capacity mechanisms in European electricity markets.
• Banet, Catherine (2017). Carbon negativity as legal requirement..
• Banet, Catherine (2017). EUs medlemsstater enige om å gi Kommisjonen innsyn i mellomstatlige energiavtaler. Energi og Klima : Norsk klimastiftelses nettmagasin.
• Banet, Catherine (2017). Hva er greia med klimasøksmål?.
• Banet, Catherine (2017). Hvilke føringer legger folkeretten på utvinning av mineralressurser på havbunnen innenfor nasjonal jurisdiksjon..
• Banet, Catherine (2017). Juridiske aspekter ved folkefinansiering..
• Banet, Catherine (2017). Macron vs. Le Pen: Hva skjer med klima- og energipolitikken?. Energi og Klima : Norsk klimastiftelses nettmagasin.
• Banet, Catherine (2017). Re-use and Re-purposing of Installations as a Licensing Requirement..
• Banet, Catherine (2016). Book review: "EU Environmental Policy – Its journey to centre stage", Nigel Haigh (Earthscan, Routledge, 2016). Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law.  ISSN 0264-6811. . doi: 10.1080/02646811.2016.1210375
• Banet, Catherine (2016). Capacity mechanisms and the internal market: the French court case (C-543/15, Anode). A missed opportunity?.
• Banet, Catherine (2016). Coexistence between offshore petroleum activities and other commercial or environmental interests: area use regulation.
• Banet, Catherine (2016). Developing energy infrastructures in Norway.
• Banet, Catherine (2016). Quelle efficacité des instruments de marché dans l'offre d'électricité verte?.
• Banet, Catherine (2015). Deltagelse i prosjekter av felles europeisk interesse: kostnads- og inntektsallokering. Utviklingstrekk. / Participation in Projects of Common Interest (PCI): costs and benefits allocations. Recent Developments in Europe and Norway.
• Banet, Catherine (2015). "EU: sirkulær økonomi - Konsept og konsekvenser for gjenbruk og resirkulering av produkter og byggevarer".
• Banet, Catherine (2015). Et offensivt og sammenhengende grønt diplomati for Norge. Energi og Klima : Norsk klimastiftelses nettmagasin.  2015(4), s 53- 57
• Banet, Catherine (2015). Fra ambisjon til pragmatisme: EU-kommisjonens strategi for energiunionen. Energi og Klima : Norsk klimastiftelses nettmagasin. Show summary

  EUs energiunion skal hovedsakelig bygges gjennom utvidelse av eksisterende politikk. Nye tiltak får stor betydning for Norge.

• Banet, Catherine (2015). "Hva kan EUs energimål bety for Norge? Om EU-mål, måloppnåelse og styringssystem i EUs energiunion".
• Banet, Catherine (2014). Die Energiewende made in France: la transition énergétique. Energi og Klima : Norsk klimastiftelses nettmagasin. Show summary

  Den franske regjeringen vil med en ambisiøs ny reform få fart på et grønt skifte i landet.

• Banet, Catherine (2014). Sirkulær økonomi: Snart på dagsorden også i Norge?. Energi og Klima : Norsk klimastiftelses nettmagasin. Show summary

  Norge har andre behov for energiomlegging enn mange andre land, men må likevel følge med i timen når det handler om utviklingen av et mer ressurseffektivt samfunn – en sirkulær økonomi.

• Banet, Catherine (2013). Smart strøm trenger smarte forbrukere. Energi og Klima : Norsk klimastiftelses nettmagasin. Show summary

  Norske forbrukere får bedre tid til å venne seg til smarte målere, men hvor aktive og interesserte vil vi være?

• Banet, Catherine (2012). Tradable green certificates schemes under EU law : the influence of EU law on national support schemes for renewable electricity generation. Doktoravhandlinger forsvart ved Det juridiske fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo. 53.
• Banet, Catherine (2011). Design and trading rules for green certificates schemes. An analysis of the ascendance of EU law on national support schemes for RES-E generation.
• Banet, Catherine (2011). Powering the green economy - the feed-in-tariff handbook by M. Mendonca, D. Jacobs and B. Sovacool (book review). Oil, Gas and Energy Law (OGEL).  ISSN 1875-418X.  (1)
• Banet, Catherine (2010). Accumulation of aids to fossil fuels under CCS projects and market-based support.
• Banet, Catherine (2010). Grønne sertifikater under et EU-rettslige perspektiv.
• Banet, Catherine (2010). La plus grande éolienne au monde sera construite en Norvège. bulletins-electroniques.com.  (92)
• Banet, Catherine (2010). Prioriteringer av adgang til nettet og tilknytningsplikt for fornybar energi produksjon.
• Banet, Catherine (2010). Priority Access for Renewable Energy into the Grid: Legal Problems in EU Law.
• Banet, Catherine (2010). Smart Grid Regulation: The Role of Law.
• Banet, Catherine (2009). EnvironnementPolitiques de soutien aux énergies renouvelables : Norvège et Suède adoptent le principe d'un marché commun de certificats verts pour 2012. bulletins-electroniques.com.
• Banet, Catherine (2009). EU-rettslige utfordringer ved gjennomføring av statsstøtteordninger i Europa - I lys av praksis i de siste årene.
• Banet, Catherine (2009). Grønn energi, støttemidler i USA.
• Banet, Catherine (2009). Perspectives et Analyses des Marchés Européens de l'Environnement.
• Banet, Catherine (2009). Politiques de soutien aux énergies renouvelables : Norvège et Suède adoptent le principe d'un marché commun de certificats verts pour 2012. bulletins-electroniques.com.  (89)
• Kristiansen, Mia Gill & Banet, Catherine (2009). Grønn Garanti. Universitetet i Oslo. Show summary

  Kan handel med grønne sertifikater gjøre elektrisiteten mer miljøvennlig i Norge? Det kommer an på hvordan markedet reguleres, mener stipendiat Catherine Banet.

• Banet, Catherine (2008). Achieving a common green certificates market between Norway and Sweden: benefits, conditions and constraints. A legal perspective.
• Banet, Catherine (2008). Bærekraftig produksjon og bruk av biodrivstoff: problemet og prosesser.
• Banet, Catherine (2008). EC Regulation of GHG Emissions and Energy Certificates: Two Levels of Ambitions or some Fundamental Legal Differences?.
• Banet, Catherine (2008). Forberedet kommentar om regulering av CO2 utslipp fra skip.

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