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Catherine Banet

Professor - Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law

Email catherine.banet@jus.uio.no

Phone +47 22 85 96 14

Mobile phone +47 970 73 844

Room Room 143 Domus Media east wing

Username

Visiting address Department for Energy and Resources Law Domus Media east wing Karl Johans gate 47 Oslo

Postal address Postboks 6706 St. Olavs plass 0130 Oslo

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Academic Interests

Energy law - environmental law - EU law - EEA law natural resources law - state aids - internal energy market

Undergoing research: energy market design, energy infrastructures regulation, Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs); financing of energy projects; EU state aids law and the energy sector; exploitation of mineral seabed resources; offshore energy production, incl. offshore wind and hydrogen; carbon capture and storage (CCS); EU/EEA energy legislation, incl. network codes and guidelines; energy transport infrastructures regulation; interconnectors; nuclear energy; decommissioning; energy security.

Head of the research projects:

Teaching experience and student supervision

Energy law – environmental law – EU and EEA law – competition law (in particular state aids) – renewable energy – climate change.

Course responsibility at UiO: Energy Law (JUS1412/5412), environmental law (JUS2211) (2019-2023), international environmental law (2025), international climate change law (2026).

Co-Director of the professional part-time LL.M programme in Energy Law: North Sea Energy Law Programme (NSELP) (nselp.eu). Responsible for the Oslo Module on Energy Trade and Energy Contracts.

Higher education and employment history

Education: Ph.D. (UiO, Oslo) 2012, LL.M in International and European Energy and Environmental Law (KUL, Leuven) 2007, MA in International Politics (Ceris, Paris/Brüssel) 2003, MA in European Affairs (UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve) 2002, LL.B (Lille) 2002, I.E.P. (Aix-en-Provence) 2001.

Professor (2021), Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law, Energy and Resources Law Department. Head of Department (2021-).

Associate Professor, Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law, Energy and Resources Law Department (2014-2021).

Senior Research Fellow, Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Oslo. Projects: Implementing Network Codes (INC) and Regulating Power in Norway Decentralization or Centralization (POWREG) (2020-2024).

Scientific Advisor, Frisch Center, Oslo Center for Research on Environmentally friendly Energy (CREE) (FME) (2017-2019).

Associate Lawyer, Advokatfirmaet Simonsen Vogt Wiig AS, Oil and Energy Department, 2011-2014.

Ph.D research fellow, Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law, Petroleum and Energy Law Department, 2006-2011.

Associate Lawyer, law firm Huglo-Lepage & Partners, Brussels, 2004-2006.

Blue Book stagiaire, European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Brussels, 2003-2004.

Intern, U.S. Embassy in Belgium, Department of Commerce, Energy and Environment Sections, 2003.

Membership and appointments

Head of the Department for Energy and Resources Law, University of Oslo (2021-)

CERRE - Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE) - Academic Research Fellow (2019-) Academic Director for Energy

Chair of the Board, Norwegian Energy Law Association (2021-)

Research group on energy market law, leader (2025-2028)

Alternate Member of the EU Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulator (ACER) Board of Appeal (2026-2031)

Associate Researcher, Energy Policy Research Group (EPRG), University of Cambridge (UK)

Member of the international expert advisory group, Norwegian Nuclear Decommissioning (NND) (2024-2026)

Member of the expert group on the data center industry, Norwegian Technology Council (Sept. 2025 - June 2026)

Vice-Dean for International Relations, Faculty of Law (2017-2021)

Research Group in Natural Resources Law, Faculty of Law (co-lead)

Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC), Norwegian Research Center for Wind Energy (NorthWind)

Expert committee on energy and environmental law of the Norwegian Center for Continuing Legal Education, member

Member of the Academic Advisory Group of the Section on Energy, Environmental and Infrastructure Law (SEERIL), International Bar Association (IBA)

Ph.D-thesis

“Tradable green certificates schemes under EU law: the influence of EU law on national support schemes for renewable electricity generation” (UniPub, 2012) (available in open access in DUO). Nominated to the King’s Gold Medal.

Tags: Energy Law, Petroleum Law, Natural resources, EU Law, EEA law, environmental law, Nordic, European Law, State aids, Law of the Sea, climate change, renewable energy, CCS, crowdfunding, Interconnectors, nuclear energy, decommissioning

Banet, Catherine (2026). The Cybersecurity Dimension of Wind Power Technologies: Applicability of EU Cybersecurity Regulation to Offshore Wind Projects. In Barichella, Arnault & Yada, Jurei (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Cybersecurity, Technologies and Energy Transitions. Springer Nature. ISSN 9783031041969. p. 1–16. doi: https:/link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-031-04196-9_18-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Offshore wind farms (OWFs) are increasingly exposed to cyberattacks in Europe, reflecting the intersection of two major trends: the expansion of renewable energy sources and the digitalization of the energy system. Because OWFs contribute significantly to Europe’s energy independence, they attract attention from geopolitical and commercial adversaries. Their vulnerability is heightened by their remote offshore locations, which necessitate extensive use of networked devices and digital connections to shore. These installations often lack robust cyber protection, and their complex supply chains—with many vendors, suppliers, and interdependencies—create numerous potential entry points for attackers. Cyberattacks on OWFs can have cross-border impacts, especially for “hybrid” projects that link multiple national electricity systems. This increases the need for regional coordination on the physical and cyber protection of critical offshore energy infrastructure among operators and project developers. The chapter explores whether OWFs, given their operational characteristics, remoteness, and sometimes cross-jurisdictional nature, need a specific cybersecurity regulatory framework or whether existing onshore rules are sufficient. The chapter examines how EU cybersecurity regulation applies at sea in European waters and neighboring countries, before reviewing and commenting on the main EU legal requirements relevant to the cybersecurity of offshore energy infrastructure. Key instruments include the Critical Entities Resilience Directive, the NIS2 Directive, the Cyber Resilience Act, the Cybersecurity Act, the network code on cybersecurity for electricity, and associated standards.
Makroum, Reda El; Banet, Catherine; Fan, Yee Van; Waaler, Benedicte Fasmer; Gamazaychikov, Boris & Gros, Sébastien [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2026). Governing AI infrastructure on decarbonizing grids. Joule. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2026.102647. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
In this article, the authors argue that a sustainable data center buildout requires tying grid access to flexibility provision, operational transparency, and tangible benefits for both host communities and society at large. The community dimension is particularly urgent: in 2019, public outcry forced Norway to halt all new onshore wind licensing for three years. As of 2026, the country is on track to miss its 2030 wind objective of 25 TWh, with only a single new wind farm built since the moratorium ended. Without tangible local benefit, data centers risk becoming the next flashpoint.
Baldursson, Fridrik; Banet, Catherine & Chyong, Chi Kong (2026). Regulation and Standards for a Resilient European Energy System. Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy. ISSN 2160-5882. 15(1), p. 1–26. doi: 10.5547/2160-5890.15.1.fbal. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Increasing climate- related hazards demand a more resilient system that can with stand, adapt, and quickly recover from such shocks. Simultaneously, the drive towards a cleaner energy system, a rapid rise in renewables, and increased sector integration have led to a less stable system that is more volatile than before and more vulnerable to shocks. This development calls for more and better energy-network system services. EU energy legislation addresses specific sides of resilience. Grid planning involves specific resilience assessment requirements for regulators as part of the network development plans. However, resilience must be better integrated and defined as a mandatory assessment requirement. Some national regulatory authorities have already incorporated resilience in their frameworks, but we argue that a targeted regulatory and legislative approach at the EU level is also needed. The benefits of resilience investments must be measured and monetised to be adequately incentivised and included in CBA analyses. In particular, due to the increased coupling between the gas and electricity sectors, new resilience metrics that reflect the growing interdependence and feedback between the two sectors are needed. We examine several approaches to measuring resilience and suggest an approach to monetisation.
Banet, Catherine (2025). Central Grids as Common Goods? Implications for the Regulatory Model of Transmission Electricity Grid in the Age of Distributed Energy Resources. European Energy and Environmental Law Review. ISSN 1879-3886. 34(6), p. 130–141. doi: 10.54648/eelr2025013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
This article examines the interaction between centralized and decentralized energy systems, and more specifically the evolving role and regulatory model of transmission electricity grids in facilitating the deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs). The central electricity grid is essential for ensuring security of supply, but it faces new challenges when more decentralized, intermittent renewable energy and flexible demand are added to the energy system. The total blackout that occurred on 28 April 2025 in the Iberian Peninsula illustrates these challenges. In this new transmission-DER nexus, a fundamental question is whether central electricity grids should be considered a common good, and if so, what this entails in terms of regulatory model and legal requirements. After a brief introduction, the article reviews the definition of common goods and explores the extent to which it applies to the transmission electricity grid and the consequences thereof. Gaps in existing regulatory model under European Union (EU) law are identified, discussing the role of transmission system operators with respect to decentralized actors and vice versa, focusing on five specific areas of interaction: grid planning, grid investment regulation, grid capacity management and system costs, balancing duties, and resource adequacy. As operations become more complex, the use of digital tools for DER management systems is raised. The conclusion presents the possible legal approaches to address the identified shortcomings in the central grid regulatory model.
Banet, Catherine (2025). Norway: Regulation of Flaring and Venting of Natural Gas from Petroleum Activities in Norway. In Pereira, Eduardo Guedes; Omotuyi, Opeyemi Y. & Dukuma, Magnus C. Abraham (Ed.), Natural Gas Flaring & Energy Transition: Laws, Policies and Regulations. Wolters Kluwer. ISSN 9789403526171. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Electricity Market Design Alternatives for Hybrid Offshore Wind Projects under EU Law. Oil, Gas and Energy Law (OGEL). 23(4). doi: https:/www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=4190. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
This article explores the question of the choice of market design rules for hybrid offshore wind project (hybrid) under EU law. Hybrids refer to a project set-up that combines electricity production from offshore wind farms with electricity trade through interconnector(s) between bidding areas located in several countries. Given that there is only one power system, even if some parts of it are situated offshore and others onshore, the article makes the preliminary assumption that the same market design rules should apply to the entire European power system to maintain a level playing field and ensure market functions, i.e. both onshore and offshore. Based on this assumption, the article reviews the key requirements related to market design as defined in EU law and assesses the implications of their applicability to hybrid offshore wind projects. The following six building blocks of electricity market design regulation are identified: grid planning; grid ownership and unbundling rules; grid operatorship and associated responsibilities (e.g. market dispatch, balancing responsibility); access to the grid regime, including connection rules; cross-border trading and congestion management; and regulatory oversight. The article argues that the selection of market design rules is the basis for the allocation of costs and benefits, enabling the projects to be financially viable for all parties involved. While some temporary adjusting financing mechanisms may be necessary, these will all be based on the chosen market design model.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Regulering av karbonfangst, transport og lagring i norsk rett. In Bugge, Hans Chr. & Voigt, Christina (Ed.), Klimarett Internasjonal, europeisk og norsk klimarett mot 2050 (II utgave). Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215068336. p. 648–682. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Karbonfangst, -transport og -lagring (CCS) er lenge blitt diskutert i Norge og er et svært viktig tiltak i norsk klima- og energipolitikk. Gjennom Langskip ønsker Norge å bygge et fullskala prosjekt hvor fanget karbondioksid (CO2) blir transportert med skip til en CO2-mottaksterminal i Norge og deretter med rør til permanent lagring under havbunnen i Nordsjøen. Langskip-prosjektet spiller en sentral rolle i Norges CCS-strategi, som er å legge til rette for samfunnsøkonomisk lønnsom, trygg og permanent lagring av CO2 på norsk sokkel, og med dette å bidra til å nå temperaturmålene i Parisavtalen. Et omfattende regelverk er etablert med utgangspunkt i EU/EØS-direktiver og bygget på norsk tradisjon for regulering av petroleumsvirksomhet. Virksomheten reiser også folkerettslige spørsmål, særlig når det gjelder grensekryssende transport. Og flere EU- og EØS-rettsspørsmål reiser seg, fra forholdet til EUs klimakvotesystem til statsstøtte- godkjenninger og uttalelse om lagringstillatelse fra EFTAs overvåkningsorgan Dette kapittelet gjennomgår den samlede reguleringen av CCS for å vise den rettslige kompleksiteten og alle de sammenhengene som reguleringen berører.
Banet, Catherine; Olawuyi, Damilola; Gonzalés, José Juan; Mostert, Hanri & Montoya, Milton Fernando (2024). Conclusion: Net zero and the future of natural resources law. In Olawuyi, Damilola; González, José Juan; Mostert, Hanri; Montoya, Milton Fernando & Banet, Catherine (Ed.), Net Zero and Natural Resources Law - Sovereignty, Security, and Solidarity in the Clean Energy Transition. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780198925002. p. 352–368. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Legal mechanisms to ensure energy solidarity in international and EU law, Research Handbook on International Solidarity and the Law. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781803923741. p. 399–420. Full text in Research Archive
Pollitt, Michael; Fehr, Nils-Henrik M. von der; Willems, Bert; Banet, Catherine; Coq, Chloé Le & Chyong, Chi Kong (2024). Recommendations for a future-proof electricity market design in Europe in light of the 2021-23 energy crisis. Energy Policy. ISSN 0301-4215. 188(114051). doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114051. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
In this paper, we discuss electricity market design in Europe in light of the 2021-23 energy crisis, drawing on several of our Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE) reports. We outline the relevant theoretical background with respect to wholesale electricity markets, retail electricity markets, excess profits regulation, renewables support schemes and emergency interventions. We next outline the responses of the European Union, France, Norway, the Netherlands and Great Britain to the crisis. This allows us to make a number of recommendations about the future design of the electricity market in the light of theory and recent experience. These include a role for long-term contracts, the extension of the single market, the place for increased price granularity, appropriate energy taxation and the necessity of better monitoring of National Energy and Climate Plans to ensure adequate aggregate investment.
Hauge, Katrine Broch; Mauren, Karina Kviebakk & Banet, Catherine (2024). Havenergiloven. In Bugge, Hans Chr. & Voigt, Christina (Ed.), Klimarett Internasjonal, europeisk og norsk klimarett mot 2050 (II utgave). Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215068336. p. 739–759. Full text in Research Archive

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Roggenkamp, Martha & Banet, Catherine (2025). European Energy Law Report Volume XV. Intersentia. ISBN 9781839705540. 362 p. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The European Energy Law Reports are an initiative taken by the organisers of the European Energy Law Seminar which has been organised on an annual basis since 1989 in the Netherlands. The aim of this seminar is to present an overview of the most important legal developments in the field of international, EU and national energy and climate law. Whereas the first seminars concentrated mostly on internal energy market developments, the focus has now expanded to include analyses involving energy investments, security and consumer protection and a reflection on the changing nature of energy law. This approach is reflected in the Reports. This volume is divided into the following parts: ‘Internal Energy Market and Climate Change: Judicial and Legislative Developments’, ‘Energy Suppliers and the Energy Supply Chain’, ‘Energy Relations between the EU and Third Countries’ and ‘Energy Systems and System Security’.
Sourgens, Frédéric G.; Baldwin, Edward & Banet, Catherine (2024). The Transnational Law of Renewable Energy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198894520. 390 p. Full text in Research Archive
Olawuyi, Damilola; González, José Juan; Mostert, Hanri; Montoya, Milton Fernando & Banet, Catherine (2024). Net Zero and Natural Resources Law - Sovereignty, Security, and Solidarity in the Clean Energy Transition. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198925002. 378 p. Full text in Research Archive

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Banet, Catherine (2026). Energy Independence through Electrification: Time to Deliver. doi: https:/cerre.eu/news/energy-independence-through-electrification-time-to-deliver/. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Europe does not know where its energy dependencies lie. Traditionally, energy dependency has been understood as a country’s reliance on imported fuels such as oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium. But today, dependency can also arise through supply chains for energy technologies, foreign ownership of strategic assets, and foreign investment in critical infrastructure. Existing European indicators do not fully capture this range of risks. This means developers and policymakers cannot fully identify vulnerabilities and design effective responses.
Banet, Catherine & Undheim, Eva Aalberg (2026). Den europeiske datadragskampen. [Journal]. Dag og Tid. doi: https:/www.dagogtid.no/samfunn/den-europeiske-datadragkampen/693419. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Fleire europeiske land strammar til krava til datasenterindustrien. Noreg kan lære av erfaringane deira, seier energi- og ressursrettsekspert Catherine Banet.
Banet, Catherine (2026). Energy system Reliability, Resilience and Security. Full text in Research Archive
Ottersen, Ole Petter; Banet, Catherine & Lygre, Eirik Tangeraas (2026). Håp for kommende generasjoner? doi: https:/filosofifestivalen.no/program2026/. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2026). Ensuring Good Resource Management When Developing Offshore CO₂ Storage Activities: An Appraisal of Available Regulatory Tools. doi: https:/ccsatsea2026.com/index.html. Full text in Research Archive
Ulvin, Philippe Bédos & Banet, Catherine (2026). Høyesterett skal behandle sokkelsak i oktober – EØS-etterslepet kan eksplodere. [Internet]. Energi og Klima. doi: https:/www.energiogklima.no/nyhet/brussel/hoyesterett-skal-behandle-sokkelsak-i-oktober-eos-etterslepet-kan-eksplodere. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Jusprofessor Catherine Banet tror Høyesteretts behandling av Saga Subsea-saken kan få massive konsekvenser for EØS-avtalen.
Banet, Catherine (2026). Kampen om nettkapasitet: rettslig ramme for tilgang til strømnettet i Norge. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2026). Renewables & Electricity Market Design: Environmental, Security, and Affordability Concerns. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2026). L’industrie pétrolière offshore confrontée aux exigences de lutte contre les changements climatiques en Europe. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2026). Omkampen om Utsira Nord: Professor tviler på behovet for ny utredning. [Internet]. Europower. doi: https:/www.europower.no/havvind/omkampen-om-utsira-nord-professor-tviler-pa-behovet-for-ny-utredning/2-1-1969085. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Jusprofessor Catherine Banet ved UiO stiller spørsmål ved om utredningen Høyre foreslår for statsstøtten til Utsira Nord er nødvendig.
Simonsen, Endre & Banet, Catherine (2026). Tror ny EU-pakke vil bli betent for regjeringen. [Internet]. Montel. doi: https:/montelnews.com/nordic. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
EU-kommisjonens foreslåtte nettpakke har allerede fått kritikk i Norge. Jusprofessor Catherine Banet tror pakken kan bli en betent sak i regjeringen som kan øke etterslepet på energifeltet.
Banet, Catherine (2026). Juridisk grunnlag for reservering av nettkapasitet til Snøhvit Future-anlegget ved Melkøya. doi: https:/www.jus.uio.no/forskning/prosjekter/eurnor/arrangementer/2026/eurnor-frokost-24.02.26.html. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2026). Ulovlig snuoperasjon på Melkøya? [TV]. NRK. doi: https:/tv.nrk.no/serie/politisk-kvarter-tv/sesong/202602/episode/NNFA07020426. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Snuoperasjon om Melkøya kan være ulovlig, mener jusprofessor - Stortinget kan snu i morgen.
Banet, Catherine & Dalfest, Kjersti (2026). Jusprofessor: Kan ikke frata Equinor nettkapasitet til Melkøya. [Internet]. Montel. doi: https:/montelnews.com/nordic/news/1257867b-8a1c-407d-9ae1-70795a72cb7d/jusprofessor-kan-ikke-frata-equinor-melkoya-kapasitet. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Stortinget har ikke hjemmel til å frata Equinor nettkapasitet til elektrifisering av Melkøya, ifølge jusprofessor Catherine Banet ved universitetet i Oslo.
Banet, Catherine (2026). 15 et 70%: nature contraignante et implications juridiques des objectifs chiffrés européens de gestion des interconnexions électriques transfrontalières. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2026). EUs nettpakke (European Grids Package): gjennomgang og betydning for Norge. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Grids as the missing link: will the new Grids Package fill the gaps in time? - CERRE. doi: https:/cerre.eu/news/grids-as-the-missing-link-will-the-new-grids-package-fill-the-gaps-in-time/. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). EU regulatory framework on data centers. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Hydrogenlovgivningen: en komparativ analyse. Full text in Research Archive
Eriksen, Christoffer Conrad; Ikdahl, Ingunn; Strand, Vibeke Blaker; Arnesen, Finn; Banet, Catherine & Wold, Vebjørn (2025). Nemndene og EØS-retten. doi: https:/www.uio.no/om/samarbeid/samfunn-og-naringsliv/partnerforum/arrangementer/E%C3%98S-rett/2025/2025-04-23-Nemndene%20og%20E%C3%98S-retten. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Trygdeskandalen viste en massiv svikt i norske juristers kunnskap om EØS-rett. Hvordan er kunnskapen om EØS-retten i norske nemnder, og hvordan etterlever nemndene EØS-retten?
Banet, Catherine (2025). Eksperter: Acer-motstand kan sette hele EØS-avtalen i spill. [Internet]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Deler av fagbevegelsen og flere partier på Stortinget sier de vil ut av hele energisamarbeidet med EU. Det kan koste Norge EØS-avtalen, advarer eksperter.
Banet, Catherine (2025). Artikkel 122 TFEU: fortid, nåtid og fremtid. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). The interplay between hydrogen offtake agreements and legislative and permitting requirements. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Debatten: Regjeringskrise? EUs energiregler splitter regjeringen. [TV]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Ap vil innføre reglene, mens Sp stritter imot. Det kan gå mot regjeringskrise i Norge.
Banet, Catherine (2025). Jusprofessor: Ikke mulig å forhandle om flyten på utenlandskabler. [Internet]. Montel. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Det finnes ingen mulighet til å forhandle om flyten på kraftkablene fra Norge til Europa, ifølge jusprofessor Catherine Banet. Flyten styres av EU- og EØS-regler for kraftmarkedet, ikke bilaterale avtaler, sier hun.
Banet, Catherine (2025). Regulatory roadmap for developing hybrid offshore wind projects between Norway and Europe. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Hva vil norsk EU-medlemskap bety på energifronten? [Internet]. PolyPod - Polyteknisk Forening. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Hvilken betydning vil et norsk medlemskap i EU ha for norsk energipolitikk? I hvilken grad vil et medlemskap gi Norge, som en stor energinasjon, muligheter til å delta i utformingen av EUs rammebetingelser på energiområdet? I hvilken grad vil et medlemskap påvirke handlingsrommet i implementeringen av EUs regelverk i norsk lovgivning? Hvilke prosesser foregår i EU som vil kunne påvirke kraftmarkedet på sikt? Hva kan implikasjonen bli for norske kraftpriser? Her får du mulighet til å lære fra ledende eksperter og beslutningstakere
Banet, Catherine (2025). Transition énergétique et systèmes juridiques. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Markedsdesign for CCS: Reguleringsalternativer for CO2-transport og -lagringstjenester. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Core legal aspects for the development of the carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) value chains. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
During this presentation, Professor Banet reflected about the most central legal elements that influence the development of the Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) value chains. Among the topics addressed were first the structuring requirements for the value chain, such as responsibility for leakage, transfer of liability between actors, cross-border transport of CO2 by pipeline or ship, and coverage of activities under emissions trading schemes. Then, the presentation discussed the possible incentives and risk coverage instruments to further enable CCS. The role of CCS within the umbrella of negative emissions technologies (NETs) was also addressed. The presentation analyzed these issues from international, European, and, when relevant, some national legislation.
Banet, Catherine (2025). The use of congestion incomes on interconnectors in accordance with Article 19 of the Electricity Regulation: a critical review. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Energiklagenemnda: klagenemnd for energimarkedsreglene. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Fornybardirektivet i en norsk kontekst. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine; Møller, Ulrik & Schavemaker, Pieter (2025). Webinar: The Introduction of Flow-Based Market Coupling in the Nordics: background, principles, implementation, and first observations. [Internet]. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
This webinar presented the background and first experiences from the introduction of flow-based market coupling in the Nordics in October 2024.
Banet, Catherine (2025). Legal mechanisms to ensure energy solidarity in international and EU law. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2025). Artikkel 122 TFEU, EUs traktatshjemmel for kriser: fortid, nåtid og fremtid, samt forhold til EØS-land. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
I dette innlegget ga professor Catherine Banet en gjennomgang av artikkel 122 TFEU, bakgrunn for innføring av bestemmelsene, artikkelens utvikling og bruk over tid, samt noen perspektiver om mulige tilpasninger av bestemmelsen i fremtiden. Forhold til EØS-avtalen bli også diskutert.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Hydrogen law and policy: national and EU regulatory approaches. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine & Antunes, Nuno (2024). Hydrogen Sales and Purchase Agreement (H2 SPA): Challenges in Contract Standardization. [Internet]. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The discussion surrounding the role of (renewable and/or low-carbon) hydrogen in the energy transition is far from over, opinions ranging virtually from ‘fanciful idea’ to ‘silver-bullet’. Irrespective of the outcome of such discussion, multiple projects are somewhere in design / pre-FEED stage, the issue ‘offtaking / offtaker’ emerging as a critical point. Here, the contract for sale and purchase of hydrogen (and derivatives) has become the centre of attention. The Association of International Energy Negotiators (AIEN), which holds a proven track record in developing model agreements for the oil and gas industry, launched in 2022 a ‘Hydrogen Taskforce’ to delve into contract standardization in the realm of hydrogen. During this webinar, an account of the work undertaken, next steps and some of the specific challenges encountered were given.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Current EU regulatory approach to LNG trade. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine & Gimeno, Carmen (2024). Remuneration of Distribution System Operators: which framework for anticipatory investments. [Internet]. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
In the words of Energy Commissioner Kadri Simson, "there is no green future for Europe without an upgraded power grid". In order to make our grids fit for purpose adequate revenues for DSOs are needed for investments both in CAPEX and OPEX. Income revenue regulation has to evolve at the same time as system needs and new concepts as "anticipatory investments" should be allowed as the recently agreed Electricity Market Reform states as well as the EU Action Plan on grids. These are the questions this webinar will address
Banet, Catherine (2024). European regulation on CCS in a French and Norwegian context. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Hva kan valgresultatene av EU-valg i Frankrike kan få bety for omstillingen både innenlands og i EU. [Internet]. Norsk klimastiftelse. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Drafting national hydrogen legislation for upcoming markets: a comparative analysis. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Renewable gases in the European energy mix. [Internet]. Biomethane RNG Channel. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
We talked to Catherine Banet from the Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE) about the role of renewable gases in the European energy mix by 2050. Catherine stressed that renewable gases are already making a key contribution to the energy system to realise the ambitious goals of the Repower EU package. However, attention needs to be paid to how to integrate these gases into the energy market, highlighting the importance of grid access rules and the gas commodity regulation that ensure both that renewable gases can access the market and play a role in decarbonising the energy system.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Karbonfangst og -lagring i Norge: fra månelanding til Langskip. [Journal]. klimastiftelsen.no. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine; Grjotheim, Sille & Nieuwenhout, Ceciel (2024). Compatibility and interoperability among offshore wind parks and grids: the role of certification and standardisation. [Internet]. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The first Offshore Network Development Plan released by ENTSO-E in January 2024 shows the increasing integration of offshore electricity grids and the role to be played by hybrid offshore wind projects. This raises the question of interoperability and the need for standardisation between assets developed as part of offshore grids. Particularly, the integration of a high number of converters delivered by various manufacturers will raise the question of the compatibility between different technologies. During this webinar, we will discuss existing schemes such as project certification of the complete offshore wind farm, grid readiness, grid code compliance and regulatory and legal tools that can be further developed to ensure interoperability in multi-terminal, multi-vendor, offshore HVDC systems.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Taking stock of the EU electricity market design reform. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine & Svensson, Stefan (2024). Designing and implementing auctions of Power Derivatives (EPADs): experiences from Sweden. Effective short and long-term hedging as a prerequisite for a well-functioning electricity market. [Internet]. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Regulation of Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) for low carbon and renewable energy projects under the EU market design reform. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine & Hagen, Hallstein (2024). Local flexibility markets update. [Internet]. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Flexibility is seen as a key factor in a more decentralised energy system, with more active consumers and variable production and demand. It also appears as an increasingly important tool in addressing peak demand and grid congestion. Some of the central questions addressed during this webinar are: How can a flexibility markets help communicate where there is scarcity in the grid and where there is flexibility available? How can the value of flexibility be established? The regulatory framework for the development of flexibility markets and flexibility platforms will be reviewed, including the draft Network Code on Demand Response that is currently under adoption at the EU level. Experiences from NODES will be featured."
Banet, Catherine (2024). EØS-avtalen ingen hinder - Norge kan sjølv avgjerda om dei to gamle danmnarkskablane skal fornyast, utan frykt for EØS-overtramp, meiner juristar. [Journal]. Klassekampen. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Access to the electricity grid: connection regime and congestion management rules. Introduction and EU rules. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Det norske konsesjonsregimet for havvind sett fra et EU/EØS-perspektiv. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine & Ursin, Lars (2024). Trøbbel for norsk CO₂-lagring uten EØS-innlemming av nye EU-regler. [Internet]. Energi og Klima. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Hvis Norge ikke innlemmer den nye NZIA-forordningen i EØS-avtalen, kan det raskt få konkrete konsekvenser for blant annet karbonlagring og fornybar energi, advarer jussprofessor Catherine Banet.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Energy solidarity mechanisms under EU law and their role in ensuring security of supply: taking stock and looking ahead. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). European regulation on CCS in a Norwegian context. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Scaling up offshore wind energy in Europe. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Applying dynamic regulation to the twin green and digital transition. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Hvem skal eie havnettet og hvordan regulere havnettet? Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Renewables & Electricity Market Design: Environmental, Security, and Affordability as Key Concerns. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Rammebetingelser for havvind i Norge: quo vadis? Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). An offshore market design: How seaworthy are network codes and TCMs? Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). EU legislation on CCS and implications in Norway. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). The upcoming EU legislative framework for hydrogen and gases markets. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Jusprofessor: Lite sannsynlig at kabel-nei trekkes for Efta-domstolen. [Journal]. Montel. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Så lenge regjeringen kommer frem til at ikke alle vilkårene er oppfylt for å fornye de to eldste Danmarks-kablene, er det ikke sannsynlig at Esa kan gripe inn, mener jusprofessor Catherine Banet ved Universitetet i Oslo.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Klimaseniorinnen: The European Court of Human Rights, Climate and Energy Regulation Webinar. [Internet]. Southwestern Institute for International and Comparative Law. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). 300GW of offshore wind energy by 2050. [Internet]. Renewable Energy Magazine. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
In this interview, Prof. Catherine Banet tells the Renewable Energy Magazine about the need for integrated grid development planning in order to scale up the European offshore wind sector.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Legal framework for electricity market design offshore. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2024). Statsstøtte til havvind i et norsk, EU og internasjonalt perspektiv. Full text in Research Archive
Marsh, Nicola Ann; Lothe, Ane & Banet, Catherine (2023). CO2 Storage Forum: Terminology around storage risk. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2023). The role of the Net Zero Industry Act in boosting CCS activities in Europe. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2023). Touching Hydrogen Future: Norway, 2035. In Rakhou, Erik & Puentes, Rosa (Ed.), Touching Hydrogen Future: Tour Around the Globe: Jules Verne Style’ stories on the role of Hydrogen in 2030s and 2040s. Independently published. p. 256–262. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
How will the hydrogen sector look like in Norway in 2035.
Banet, Catherine (2023). "Touching Hydrogen Future" Book Presentation: Norway. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
To celebrate the launch of the 2nd Edition of the Touching Hydrogen Future Book. World Hydrogen Forum organised a 60 minute webinar with some of the expert chapter authors from China, Kazakhstan, Norway, Sweden and the USA.
Banet, Catherine (2023). EUs elmarkedsreform kan splitte nord og sør. [Internet]. Montel. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Utfallet av den pågående markedsreformen til EU kan føre til at land tar ulike veivalg, og kan skape et større skille mellom nord og sør i Europa, ifølge UiO-professorene Catherine Banet og Nils-Henrik M. von der Fehr.
Banet, Catherine (2023). Knuser håp om egen strømpris for utenlandskabler. [Journal]. Nationen. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Både Sp, SV og Frp vurderer en egen strømpris for utenlandskablene. Men nå slår flere jusseksperter beina under ønsket. Jussprofessor Catherine Banet kaller det "kreativt" å opprette et eget prisområde for utenlandskablene. – Du kan alltids danne et nytt prisområde, men du beskytter deg ikke helt mot prisene fra Europa eller naboland, sier hun.
Banet, Catherine Marie Nicole (2023). EU agenda for electricity market design reform: A law and economics perspective on the Commission’s public consultation of January 2023. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
On 23 January, the European Commission launched a public consultation on the reform of the European Union’s electricity market design. The set objectives for the reform are to better protect consumers from excessive price volatility, support their access to secure energy from clean sources, and make the market more resilient. Based on the consultation outcomes, the European Commission is expected to put forward concrete proposals in March 2023. But what to expect exactly from this speedy reform? Will it be concentrated on short-term solutions with Member States in the driven seat, or long-term structural changes to fit a climate neutral energy system in a European perspective? During this webinar, Professor Nils-Henrik M von der Fehr and Professor Catherine Banet (University of Oslo) will present and discuss the main elements of the consultation document and put them in perspective with the list of 72 recommendations developed in a recent report they co-authored.
Banet, Catherine (2023). Vurderingsgrunnlag for valg av CCS som et alternativ til elektrifisering: hva kan vi lære fra Melkøya-saken? Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Elektrifisering engasjerer. Alle er stort sett enige om at det er viktig å avkarbonisere og dermed kutte CO₂-utslipp. Men er elektrifisering den eneste løsningen? Kan CO₂-fangst (CCS) være et alternativ? Er CCS for dyrt? Er det realistisk å få til dette innen 2030 slik at kan innfri Norges klimamål? Hva skal til for at industrien tar i bruk CCS på lik linje med elektrifisering som et klimatiltak?
Banet, Catherine (2023). Ensuring good resource management when developing CO2 storage activities: an appraisal of available regulatory tools. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine (2023). How could market rules for hydrogen interplay with market rules for electricity. Full text in Research Archive
Banet, Catherine & Jerichau, Kia Marie (2023). The role and regulation of flexibility in balancing a 100% green electricity system. [Internet]. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
What challenges and possibilities do we face when moving towards a green energy system? How do we harvest flexibility potentials and ensure transparent and robust market framework for balancing? These are the questions this webinar addresses, looking at practical examples from Denmark.
Banet, Catherine & Cocq, Chloé Le (2025). Updating the security of energy supply architecture and preparedness toolbox for an increasingly electrified energy system. Centre on Regulation in Europe. doi: https:/cerre.eu/publications/updating-the-security-of-energy-supply-architecture-and-preparedness-toolbox-for-an-increasingly-electrified-energy-system/?mc_cid=91704f5cb0&mc_eid=a2c7ea8da9. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Electrification is accelerating, and Europe’s energy system is undergoing a profound transformation – becoming more decarbonised, decentralised, and digitalised. At the same time, the system faces a convergence of unprecedented risks, from cyber threats and extreme weather to geopolitical tensions. In this high-stakes environment, the EU’s Security of Supply (SoS) framework faces a resilience test it cannot afford to fail. This issue paper focuses on electricity SoS, where the primary objective is to ensure sufficient generation to meet demand at all times, and aims to contribute to the legislative reform currently envisaged by the European Commission.
Banet, Catherine (2025). Market Design Options for CCS in Europe: CO2 Transport and Storage Regulation. Centre on Regulation in Europe. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
This Issue Paper aims to provide input to the upcoming EU CO2 transport and storage regulatory package, as announced in the Industrial Carbon Management Strategy. Adopting supportive regulation on cross-border CO2 transport and storage in Europe is considered the next necessary step to allow the free movement of CO2 based on CCUS activities. It can address the current lack of alignment between captured CO2 volumes and storage availability, and support the achievement of the emissions reduction targets set in the EU Climate Law and the CO2 injection targets set in the Net Zero Industry Act. The Issue Paper analyses, step-by-step along the value chain, what should be the key tenets of the regulatory regime for CO2 transport and storage infrastructures in the EU. It serves as an initial appraisal of the core legal and regulatory issues to be addressed and offers a general mapping of the landscape. Additionally, the Paper formulates some first recommendations on specific issues.
Banet, Catherine & Goldberg, Silke (2024). Mapping of regulatory barriers to hybrid offshore wind projects between Norway and Europe, Deliverable D1.6. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
This Report is a formal deliverable in the Green Platform project Ocean Grid (Deliverable D1.6). The subproject (SP) 1.3 is dedicated to the study of regulatory conditions to enable the vision supported by the Ocean Grid, that is the development of profitable offshore energy infrastructure and reduce risks and costs through knowledge-based analyses. The specific objective of SP1.3 is to contribute to the development of a Norwegian regulatory model for offshore wind and grid development with hybrids by 2030 and in the period beyond. SP1.3 is structured in two levels. The present Report D1.6 and the Risk Matrix cover Level 1 that is dedicated to the mapping of regulatory barriers and major systemic risks when delivering offshore wind projects and a meshed grid with hybrids.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Market design alternatives and cost and revenue sharing models for hybrid offshore wind projects between Norway and Europe. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The present report is a milestone in the Green Platform Ocean Grid. The report focuses on Regulatory Models and Market Conditions. It deals with market design rules and cost-benefit allocation models to enable offshore wind and grid development with hybrids between Norway and Europe. It discusses the applicability of the regulatory models under both a project specific perspective (where collaboration between stakeholders is assessed at the level of a specific project) and a cross-border perspective (where collaboration between involved states is assessed at the sea basin level). The report addresses two main questions. The first question is to know which electricity market design regulatory approach should be adopted when developing hybrid offshore wind projects between Norway and Europe. The analysis starts by looking at the grid planning requirements applying to offshore grid infrastructures before moving to the other building blocks of market design regulation, i.e.: ownership, operatorship, cross-border trade, connection rules and regulatory supervision. This market design framework is considered the basis on which the cost and revenue sharing models will build. The last part of the report discusses which criteria influence the development of cost and revenue sharing models for hybrid projects, mapping costs drivers, income streams, and guiding principles. It also puts forward five concrete alternative proposals in terms of remuneration models.
Banet, Catherine & Donati, Filippo (2024). Speeding up renewable energy permitting in Europe: overcoming implementation challenges. Centre on Regulation in Europe. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The report looks at one of the central challenges in the further deployment of renewable energy: permit-granting procedures. Lengthy, complex and multiple parallel permitting procedures for renewable energy generation, grid connections, and related reinforcement of transmission grids have long been identified as major barriers. This delays target achievement and increases project costs, and contrasts with the pressing need to increase the share of renewable energy sources to ensure the energy transition towards climate neutrality. To address this challenge, the European Commission has adopted diﬀerent legislative and policy initiatives. Major new legislative requirements have been adopted, including as part of the emergency measures, the REPowerEU Plan from 2022 and the consecutive revision of the Renewable Energy Directive (REDIII). The report focuses on implementation factors of success. It analyses the constitutive building blocks – from planning to judicial review – any acceleration effort must be based on.
Banet, Catherine (2024). Regulatory Roadmap for developing hybrid offshore wind projects between Norway and Europe. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
The report is the synthesis report of the work conducted in SP1.3. It summarises and consolidates the findings from the first two reports on the Mapping of regulatory barriers and on Market design alternatives and cost and revenue sharing models. It lays down the background assessment for an associated regulatory roadmap for the deployment of the first hybrid offshore wind projects between Norway and Europe, including Great Britain.

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Published Sep. 8, 2014 9:48 AM - Last modified Oct. 24, 2026 1:32 PM

Catherine Banet

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