Catherine Banet

• Pollitt, Michael; von der Fehr, Nils-Henrik M.; Willems, Bert; Banet, Catherine; Le Coq, Chloé & Chyong, Chi Kong (2024). Recommendations for a future-proof electricity market design in Europe in light of the 2021-23 energy crisis. Energy Policy. ISSN 0301-4215. 188. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114051. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this paper, we discuss electricity market design in Europe in light of the 2021-23 energy crisis, drawing on several of our Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE) reports. We outline the relevant theoretical background with respect to wholesale electricity markets, retail electricity markets, excess profits regulation, renewables support schemes and emergency interventions. We next outline the responses of the European Union, France, Norway, the Netherlands and Great Britain to the crisis. This allows us to make a number of recommendations about the future design of the electricity market in the light of theory and recent experience. These include a role for long-term contracts, the extension of the single market, the place for increased price granularity, appropriate energy taxation and the necessity of better monitoring of National Energy and Climate Plans to ensure adequate aggregate investment.

• Banet, Catherine; Büll, Alberto; Lew, Darryl & Sourgens, Frédéric G. (2023). Electricity Market Design - Global Regulatory Approaches to Facing the Challenges of the Energy Transition, 69th Natural resources and energy law institute. The foundation for natural resources and energy law. ISSN 978-1-943497-57-7. Vis sammendrag

  Building on current debates and legislative initiatives, this chapter discusses electricity market design in a global and comparative law context. The chapter is structured around 3 questions: 1/ What should electricity market design achieve? 2/ How can regulators design electricity markets to meet these goals? 3/ How can we design markets to ease access of capital to markets needing foreign investment? Relatedly, "how can this design be made to work with investment screening programs to insulate strategic areas of the energy value chain from foreign investment?" The chapter ends with a fourth question: What can we learn from efforts so far? The goal is to provide a road map of how regulators may go about resolving future design problems, while preserving the fundamentals. Energy systems are slow to change, and so market rules. However, the ten months following the invasion of Ukraine by Russian forces demonstrated that governments and energy market actors, including consumers of all size, can react quickly and adapt behavior. The jurisdictions evaluated in this chapter (EU, United States and Brazil) all showcase the dual nature of electricity market design intended to meet domestic policy goals while also living in a global investment and energy environment.

• Rumpf, Julius & Banet, Catherine (2023). Energy Law. I Scholten, Miroslav (Red.), Research Handbook on the Enforcement of EU Law. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781802208023. s. 365–380. doi: 10.4337/9781802208030.00033. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Enforcement of European Union (EU) energy law is a two-sided affair. In the big picture, the EU has successfully liberalized and integrated the European energy markets. It has recognized new rights for energy consumers and ensured more transparent and liquid energy trading. Whereas the energy sector used to be a national domain, today energy is traded and transported across borders, based on common EU rules. Energy is a strategic domain for States individually and for their collaboration with the EU, as revealed by the energy price and supply crisis that started in the winter of 2021/22. Yet beyond areas of common interest, differences between the EU and the Member States concerning energy policy goals remain. As per its usual approach, the EU endeavours to create an internal energy market (IEM) with minimum rights for market players and consumers, and to overcome nationalistic reservations against its energy policy goals by harmonizing the legal framework. This has resulted in a comprehensive and prescriptive legal framework that relies on a mix of substantive and technical legal requirements to facilitate enforcement. Nevertheless, the implementation of the legal framework, as well as the investigation and sanctioning of breaches, starts at Member State level. In this chapter, we explain the progressive and accelerating evolution of EU energy law from non-existence to an established vein of regulation in a matter of a few decades. We explore factors for the success in enforcing EU energy law, notably with liberalizing the sector and integrating the segregated national energy markets. Finally, we comment on current trends and outline possible legal limits to today’s enforcement strategy in EU energy law. In our view, the EU is overall successful regarding enforcement in the energy sector. However, our examples illustrate that advancement in several critical areas is delayed and erratic. The simple fact that the Commission’s and ACER’s resources are limited speaks against a hard enforcement strategy to address remaining enforcement gaps at EU level. Such an approach could also entail a hardening of opposing positions. Instead, the EU should build on the consensus represented in the adopted harmonized legislation to overcome remaining points of contention. This would likely contribute more to continued success with energy law enforcement than any particular enforcement tool.

• Banet, Catherine (2023). Domestic Laws Governing Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal - Norway. I Webb, Romany; Silverman-Roati, Korey & Gerrard, Michael (Red.), Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal for Climate Mitigation - The Legal Framework. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 978 1 80220 884 9. s. 227–254. Vis sammendrag

  This chapter analyses the domestic laws applicable to five ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) techniques in Norway. In theory, Norway should be a prime location for ocean CDR. The country has an ambitious policy in favor of carbon capture and storage (CCS), and the second longest coastline in the world after Canada, with a length of 100,915 km. In practice, however, ocean CDR is only just starting to be discussed as a possible climate change mitigation strategy. Of the various ocean CDR techniques that have been proposed, seaweed cultivation is the one receiving most attention in Norway, with tests run by research institutions, the private sector and municipalities. However, there is no dedicated national legal framework for ocean CDR, like there is for CCS. Therefore, the applicability of existing legislation needs to be assessed. Common issues relevant to the development of any ocean-based CDR project in Norway include: marine planning, project permitting, marine pollution, coexistence of activities at sea and the respect of indigenous people rights, including fishing rights.

• Banet, Catherine Marie Nicole; Mostert, Hanri; Paddock, Leroy; Montoya, Milton Fernando & del guyao, Iñigo (2022). Conclusion - Managing Disruption and Reinventing the Future. Resilience as Requirement for Legal Frameworks. I Banet, Catherine; Mostert, Henri; Paddock, Leroy; Montoya, Milton Fernando & Guayo, Iñigo del (Red.), Resilience in energy, infrastructure, and natural resources law. Examining legal pathways for sustainability in times of disruption.. Oxford University Press. ISSN 978-0-19-286457-4. s. 359–368. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864574.003.0022.
• Banet, Catherine Marie Nicole; Mostert, Hanri; Paddock, Leroy; Montoya, Milton Fernando & del guyao, Iñigo (2022). Introduction. I Banet, Catherine; Mostert, Henri; Paddock, Leroy; Montoya, Milton Fernando & Guayo, Iñigo del (Red.), Resilience in energy, infrastructure, and natural resources law. Examining legal pathways for sustainability in times of disruption.. Oxford University Press. ISSN 978-0-19-286457-4. s. 3–12. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864574.003.0001.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Planning for Resilience: Resilience as a Criterion in Energy, Climate, Natural Resources, and Spatial Planning Law. I Banet, Catherine; Mostert, Henri; Paddock, Leroy; Montoya, Milton Fernando & Guayo, Iñigo del (Red.), Resilience in energy, infrastructure, and natural resources law. Examining legal pathways for sustainability in times of disruption.. Oxford University Press. ISSN 978-0-19-286457-4. s. 45–66. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864574.003.0004. Vis sammendrag

  The need to integrate different requirements related to energy, environmental protection, and climate change has resulted in the creation of new monitoring tools. Among them, planning is experiencing a revival. At the international, state, and local levels, this is taking the form of so-called ‘energy and climate plans’. Because global concerns need local implementation measures, the energy and climate plans are intended to ensure, on the one hand, that climate and energy measures are realized (thereby serving as a monitoring and compliance tool) and, on the other hand, that the different considerations are integrated and the different planning regimes are better coordinated (serving as an integrating and coordinating tool). Those plans come in addition to other existing plans within spatial and natural resources management. The increasing occurrence and impacts of disruptive nature-based events add another dimension to planning processes, calling for the integration of social-ecological resilience thinking into planning law. This chapter analyses the extent to which resilience is defined as a criterion in the legislation applying to the four planning processes for energy, climate, spatial, and natural resources management, and whether strategic environmental assessment rules could better support its integration and consistent application. It questions the legal nature of the resulting plans and thereby their enforceability. It identifies good practices across diverse jurisdictions and provides for recommendations to improve the legal framework.

• Banet, Catherine (2022). Energy Planning Legal Requirements and Offshore Wind in Norway. I Fleming, Ruven; de Graaf, Kars; Hancher, Leigh & Woerdman, Edwin (Red.), A Force of Energy - Essays in Energy Law in Honour of Professor Martha Roggenkamp. University of Groningen Press. ISSN 9789403429533. s. 191–203. Vis sammendrag

  This chapter looks at the legal requirements applicable to energy planning for offshore wind development under Norwegian law. The licensing process for offshore wind has barely started in Norway and the legislation still needs to be supplemented in order to be made operational. So far there are very limited references to planning requirements, at both the energy system and infrastructure level, and different political signals have been given by the previous and current government concerning who will be in charge of planning the offshore grid development. This certainly argues for a step-by-step approach, but, with high EU and national targets, there is also a need for coordination with neighbouring countries around the North Sea when developing the offshore grid on the Norwegian continental shelf. Several grid planning and operational coordination processes with these countries and the EU are already established, either at the level of the governments or the transmission system operators.

• van der Spek, Mijndert; Banet, Catherine; Bauer, Christian; Gabrielli, Paolo; Goldthorpe, Ward & Mazzotti, Marco [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Perspective on the hydrogen economy as a pathway to reach net-zero CO2 emissions in Europe. Energy & Environmental Science. ISSN 1754-5692. 15(3), s. 1034–1077. doi: 10.1039/D1EE02118D. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The envisioned role of hydrogen in the energy transition – or the concept of hydrogen economy – has varied through the years. While in the past hydrogen was mainly considered a clean fuel for cars and/or for electricity production, the current renewed interest stems from the versatility of hydrogen and the multiple roles that it can take in the transition to CO2 neutrality, where the common denominator is the capability of tackling emissions from distributed applications and complex industrial processes. However, the hydrogen economy will not materialise without strong political support and robust infrastructure design. This is because hydrogen deployment needs to tackle multiple barriers at once, including technology development for hydrogen production and conversion, infrastructure co-creation, policy and market design and business model development. In light of these challenges, we have brought together a group of hydrogen researchers that span the multiple disciplines involved to give a perspective on the status of the hydrogen economy, and on what is needed to deploy the hydrogen economy as part of the drive towards net-zero-CO2 societies. We do this by analysing (i) hydrogen end-use technologies and applications, (ii) hydrogen production methods, (iii) hydrogen transport and storage networks, (iv) legal and regulatory aspects, and (v) business models. For each of these, we provide key take home messages ranging from the current status to the outlook and needs for further research. Overall, we provide the reader with a thorough understanding of the elements in the hydrogen economy, state of play and gaps to be filled.

• Banet, Catherine & O'Brien, Alice (2021). De-risking the hydrogen-ccs value chain through law. European Energy and Environmental Law Review. ISSN 1879-3886. 30(2), s. 24–41.
• Banet, Catherine (2021). The treatment of intellectual property rights in open innovation models: new business models for the energy transition. I Rognstad, Ole-Andreas & Ørstavik, Inger Berg (Red.), Intellectual Property and Sustainable Markets. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 978 1 78990 134 4. s. 206–232. Vis sammendrag

  The chapter concentrates on how new knowledge is created in the specific collaborative ecosystem that is open innovation (OI). The purpose of this contribution is to explore the concept of OI in the context of the energy transition and to study the role of intellectual property (IP) law in supporting the OI process and its interplay with energy sector regulation. The chapter questions how intellectual property rights (IPRs) should be treated – by law or contracts – to create attractive and successful OI models in the energy sector. Because an innovation ecosystem is dependent on the regulation of its sector, the chapter also evaluates the interaction between IP law and energy law, and the phenomenon of ‘inter-regulation’. The chapter starts by briefly defining the concept of OI, before analysing how the development of low-carbon technologies is increasingly relying on OI models. This includes a categorisation of some existing OI models and an analysis of the legal framework applied to them. The chapter continues by discussing the implications of OI models on IP law and energy market regulation and then provides concluding remarks. An important conclusion is that OI does not mean that knowledge is shared for free or that there is no IP rights. Successful OI models aim to strike the right balance of interests between, on the one hand, protection of IP rights between co-creators and, on the other hand, the sufficient level of openness that will secure exploitation rights for third parties interested in using the co-created knowledge. A clear legal framework for OI to operate within will enable co-creators to work together with trust. It would also motivate further innovation, for the benefit of the society. In many ways, the legal framework around OI models is crucial to ensure their ability to deliver new knowledge and guarantee the many benefits of OI. Clear agreements and rules around ownership and property rights, IPRs creation and exploitation, stimulate knowledge sharing and innovation.

• Munkejord, Svend Tollak; Mazzotti, Marco; van der Spek, Mijndert; Banet, Catherine; Shah, Nilay & Sunny, Nixon [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Elegancy - enabling a low-carbon economy via hydrogen and CCS. I Røkke, Nils Anders & Knuutila, Hanna K (Red.), TCCS–11. CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage. Trondheim 22nd–23rd June 2021. Short Papers from the 11th International Trondheim CCS Conference. SINTEF akademisk forlag. ISSN 978-82-536-1714-5. s. 135–142. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  ELEGANCY was an ERA-Net Cofund ACT project with the aim to help fast-tracking the decarbonization of Europe’s energy system via hydrogen and CCS. This has been achieved by overcoming or highlighting specific scientific, technological and economic/legal barriers and by undertaking five national case studies adapted to the conditions in the partner countries Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland and the UK. ELEGANCY had 22 partners from industry and academia/research. This paper gives a brief overview of the project and some main results. Keywords: CO2 capture and storage (CCS), hydrogen, full chain

• Banet, Catherine & Brunt, Astrid Skjønborg (2021). Regulating high voltage power lines : electromagnetic fields and safety. I Roggenkamp, Martha; Graaf, Kars J. de & Fleming, Ruven (Red.), Energy law, climate change and the environment. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 978-1-78811-967-2. s. 621–632. Vis sammendrag

  This chapter reviews the regulation of health and environmental risks from exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from high voltage power lines (HVPLs). Exposure to EMFs is only partially regulated, but the increased electrification and digitalisation of society and the continuous expansion of HVPL networks, raise new questions about the impacts of EMFs. This chapter analyses the regulatory approach followed in international, European, and national legislation, which all rely primarily on exposure limits and then on zoning in planning and permitting procedures for transmission infrastructures. It covers both occupational and public exposure, emphasising the difference in focus among regulatory entities. The chapter addresses increasing safety concerns related to more extreme weather conditions, particularly warmer climates and the risk of wildfires. Particular attention is paid to risk management in a context of scientific uncertainty (i.e. the precautionary approach, prudent avoidance) and liability for damage.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Banet, Catherine; Mostert, Henri; Paddock, Leroy; Montoya, Milton Fernando & Guayo, Iñigo del (2022). Resilience in energy, infrastructure, and natural resources law. Examining legal pathways for sustainability in times of disruption. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-286457-4. 379 s.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Banet, Catherine (2024). Klimaseniorinnen: The European Court of Human Rights, Climate and Energy Regulation Webinar. [Internett]. Southwestern Institute for International and Comparative Law.
• Banet, Catherine & Antunes, Nuno (2024). Hydrogen Sales and Purchase Agreement (H2 SPA): Challenges in Contract Standardization. [Internett]. Universitetet i Oslo. Vis sammendrag

  The discussion surrounding the role of (renewable and/or low-carbon) hydrogen in the energy transition is far from over, opinions ranging virtually from ‘fanciful idea’ to ‘silver-bullet’. Irrespective of the outcome of such discussion, multiple projects are somewhere in design / pre-FEED stage, the issue ‘offtaking / offtaker’ emerging as a critical point. Here, the contract for sale and purchase of hydrogen (and derivatives) has become the centre of attention. The Association of International Energy Negotiators (AIEN), which holds a proven track record in developing model agreements for the oil and gas industry, launched in 2022 a ‘Hydrogen Taskforce’ to delve into contract standardization in the realm of hydrogen. During this webinar, an account of the work undertaken, next steps and some of the specific challenges encountered were given.

• Banet, Catherine (2024). Det norske konsesjonsregimet for havvind sett fra et EU/EØS-perspektiv .
• Banet, Catherine (2024). Renewables & Electricity Market Design: Environmental, Security, and Affordability as Key Concerns.
• Banet, Catherine (2024). Hvem skal eie havnettet og hvordan regulere havnettet?
• Banet, Catherine; Grjotheim, Sille & Nieuwenhout, Ceciel (2024). Compatibility and interoperability among offshore wind parks and grids: the role of certification and standardisation. [Internett]. Universitetet i Oslo. Vis sammendrag

  The first Offshore Network Development Plan released by ENTSO-E in January 2024 shows the increasing integration of offshore electricity grids and the role to be played by hybrid offshore wind projects. This raises the question of interoperability and the need for standardisation between assets developed as part of offshore grids. Particularly, the integration of a high number of converters delivered by various manufacturers will raise the question of the compatibility between different technologies. During this webinar, we will discuss existing schemes such as project certification of the complete offshore wind farm, grid readiness, grid code compliance and regulatory and legal tools that can be further developed to ensure interoperability in multi-terminal, multi-vendor, offshore HVDC systems.

• Banet, Catherine (2024). The upcoming EU legislative framework for hydrogen and gases markets.
• Banet, Catherine & Gimeno, Carmen (2024). Remuneration of Distribution System Operators: which framework for anticipatory investments. [Internett]. Universitetet i Oslo. Vis sammendrag

  In the words of Energy Commissioner Kadri Simson, "there is no green future for Europe without an upgraded power grid". In order to make our grids fit for purpose adequate revenues for DSOs are needed for investments both in CAPEX and OPEX. Income revenue regulation has to evolve at the same time as system needs and new concepts as "anticipatory investments" should be allowed as the recently agreed Electricity Market Reform states as well as the EU Action Plan on grids. These are the questions this webinar will address

• Banet, Catherine (2024). Legal framework for electricity market design offshore.
• Marsh, Nicola Ann; Lothe, Ane & Banet, Catherine (2023). CO2 Storage Forum: Terminology around storage risk.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). How could market rules for hydrogen interplay with market rules for electricity.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). Energy Transition, Resilience and International Solidarity.
• Banet, Catherine & Mauger, Romain (2023). Recent changes to the energy storage regime in EU law. [Internett]. Universitetet i Oslo. Vis sammendrag

  The fast deployment of energy storage solutions is critical for the energy transition towards renewable energy sources. To do so, a clear and incentivizing legal framework is key. In this webinar, the focus is placed on the legal regime for energy storage at EU level, with particular emphasis on the electricity system. Thanks to the adoption of the 2019 Electricity Market Directive, energy storage is now defined and the basic rules for this activity have been set. Since then, the intensity of law-making in the EU with regards to energy storage has only increased. The electricity market reform, which includes provisions targeting energy storage, is an example. The Battery Regulation, focusing on raw materials for batteries and their recycling, is another. Storage is yet again part of the drafting process for the network code on demand response. During this webinar, Dr. Romain Mauger provides an analysis of these recent and ongoing legal changes, painting a picture of the legal regime for energy storage in the electricity system in the EU.

• Banet, Catherine (2023). Regulation and Standards for a Resilient European Energy System.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). The role of the Net Zero Industry Act in boosting CCS activities in Europe.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). Touching Hydrogen Future: Norway, 2035. I Rakhou, Erik & Puentes, Rosa (Red.), Touching Hydrogen Future: Tour Around the Globe: Jules Verne Style’ stories on the role of Hydrogen in 2030s and 2040s. Independently published. s. 256–262. Vis sammendrag

  How will the hydrogen sector look like in Norway in 2035.

• Banet, Catherine (2023). "Touching Hydrogen Future" Book Presentation: Norway. Vis sammendrag

  To celebrate the launch of the 2nd Edition of the Touching Hydrogen Future Book. World Hydrogen Forum organised a 60 minute webinar with some of the expert chapter authors from China, Kazakhstan, Norway, Sweden and the USA.

• Banet, Catherine (2023). The role of energy grid operators in building resilience: legal and regulatory incentives.
• Banet, Catherine; Lochet, Antoine & Guðjónsdóttir, Anna Björg (2023). Regulation of geothermal energy and EU/EEA law: overview and perspectives. [Internett]. Universitetet i Oslo. Vis sammendrag

  Geothermal energy is a clean, renewable and reliable non-intermittent source of energy, which is used mainly for the purposes of power generation, heating and cooling. As such, it has a role to play in the EU/EEA strategy to reduce GHG emissions in the energy sector. However, geothermal projects face certain challenges in their development, and support is needed for the sector to reach its full capacity. In this talk, the speakers present the main regulatory challenges faced by geothermal projects and provide an overview of how geothermal energy is dealt with in EU/EEA existing and prospective legislation, including the Renewable Energy directives (RED II and III) and the electricity market design reform proposal.

• Banet, Catherine & Jerichau, Kia Marie (2023). The role and regulation of flexibility in balancing a 100% green electricity system. [Internett]. Universitetet i Oslo. Vis sammendrag

  What challenges and possibilities do we face when moving towards a green energy system? How do we harvest flexibility potentials and ensure transparent and robust market framework for balancing? These are the questions this webinar addresses, looking at practical examples from Denmark.

• Banet, Catherine (2023). Knuser håp om egen strømpris for utenlandskabler. [Avis]. Nationen. Vis sammendrag

  Både Sp, SV og Frp vurderer en egen strømpris for utenlandskablene. Men nå slår flere jusseksperter beina under ønsket. Jussprofessor Catherine Banet kaller det "kreativt" å opprette et eget prisområde for utenlandskablene. – Du kan alltids danne et nytt prisområde, men du beskytter deg ikke helt mot prisene fra Europa eller naboland, sier hun.

• Banet, Catherine (2023). EUs elmarkedsreform kan splitte nord og sør. [Internett]. Montel. Vis sammendrag

  Utfallet av den pågående markedsreformen til EU kan føre til at land tar ulike veivalg, og kan skape et større skille mellom nord og sør i Europa, ifølge UiO-professorene Catherine Banet og Nils-Henrik M. von der Fehr.

• Banet, Catherine (2023). Regulating low carbon and renewable sources in a changing energy system: legal perspectives.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). EU proposal for carbon removal certification: a first appraisal.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). Ensuring good resource management when developing CO2 storage activities: an appraisal of available regulatory tools.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). EUs 4. energimarkedspakke og implikasjoner for Norge. [Internett]. Samfunnsbedriftene. Vis sammendrag

  ACER-forordningen og EUs 3. energimarkedspakke er en sak som har skapt mye engasjement. Nå går diskusjonen om 4. energimarkedspakke (Ren energipakke). Men hva inneholder egentlig denne pakken? Og hva har det å si for Norge?

• Banet, Catherine (2023). Offshore wind permitting regime in Norway and EU/EEA perspectives.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). Vurderingsgrunnlag for valg av CCS som et alternativ til elektrifisering: hva kan vi lære fra Melkøya-saken? . Vis sammendrag

  Elektrifisering engasjerer. Alle er stort sett enige om at det er viktig å avkarbonisere og dermed kutte CO₂-utslipp. Men er elektrifisering den eneste løsningen? Kan CO₂-fangst (CCS) være et alternativ? Er CCS for dyrt? Er det realistisk å få til dette innen 2030 slik at kan innfri Norges klimamål? Hva skal til for at industrien tar i bruk CCS på lik linje med elektrifisering som et klimatiltak?

• Banet, Catherine (2023). Energikrise og fortgang i energiomleggingen: når rettslig ramme for energisamarbeid med EU-land settes på spill.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). Inflation Reduction Act og subsidiekappløpet mellom USA og EU.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). Does the EU network codes regulatory regime provide sufficient flexibility to accommodate a changing electricity market?
• Banet, Catherine Marie Nicole (2023). Do the EU network codes and guidelines provide sufficient flexibility to accomodate a changing electricity market?
• Banet, Catherine Marie Nicole (2023). EU agenda for electricity market design reform: A law and economics perspective on the Commission’s public consultation of January 2023. Vis sammendrag

  On 23 January, the European Commission launched a public consultation on the reform of the European Union’s electricity market design. The set objectives for the reform are to better protect consumers from excessive price volatility, support their access to secure energy from clean sources, and make the market more resilient. Based on the consultation outcomes, the European Commission is expected to put forward concrete proposals in March 2023. But what to expect exactly from this speedy reform? Will it be concentrated on short-term solutions with Member States in the driven seat, or long-term structural changes to fit a climate neutral energy system in a European perspective? During this webinar, Professor Nils-Henrik M von der Fehr and Professor Catherine Banet (University of Oslo) will present and discuss the main elements of the consultation document and put them in perspective with the list of 72 recommendations developed in a recent report they co-authored.

• Banet, Catherine (2023). Legal framework for electricity market design with offshore wind.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). Knuser håp om egen strømpris for utenlandskabler: – Ikke veldig lovlig. [Internett]. Nationen. Vis sammendrag

  Både Sp, SV og Frp vurderer en egen strømpris for utenlandskablene. Men nå slår flere jusseksperter beina under ønsket. Jussprofessor Catherine Banet kaller det "kreativt" å opprette et eget prisområde for utenlandskablene. – Du kan alltids danne et nytt prisområde, men du beskytter deg ikke helt mot prisene fra Europa eller naboland, sier hun.

• Szulecki, Kacper; Banet, Catherine; Berg, Olav & Porcher, Fabien (2022). Europe’s green transition – Opportunities and barriers for EU-Norway cooperation.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Tredjepartsadgang til infrastruktur for transport og lagring av CO2.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Reform agenda for EU electricity market design regulation: targeting long-term reforms in net zero energy systems.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Speeding up permitting procedures for accelerating renewable energy deployment in the EU: a new minefield?
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Tredjepartsadgang til infrastruktur for transport og lagring av CO2.
• Lindberg, Marie Byskov & Banet, Catherine (2022). Enforcing, applying, and revising the TCMs during transition and crisis.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Norwegian legal framework for ocean-based carbon dioxide removal technologies.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Regulering av hydrogen: gjennomføring av EU lovgivningen i norsk rett, regulatorisk tilnærming og markedstilgang i overgangsperioden.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Designing a Legal Regime for Third Party Access to CO2 Transport Infrastructures and Storage Sites: Norway as a Case Study.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Resiliens og planleggingsrett. Vis sammendrag

  I dette foredraget analyserer Catherine Banet, professor ved Nordisk Institutt for Sjørett, i hvilken grad «resiliens» er definert som et kriterium i fire sentrale planprosesser - energi, klima, areal og naturressursforvaltning - og hvordan en mer koordinert og integrert tilnærming i planretten kan utvikles for å sikre at den anvendes på en mer konsistent måte.

• Banet, Catherine (2022). Steelmakers frustrated with slow start of EU green hydrogen production. [Internett]. EURACTIV. Vis sammendrag

  Despite favourable winds due to high gas prices, Europe’s fledgling hydrogen-based industrial transformation is hitting several roadblocks: lack of legal certainty, next-to-no infrastructure and limited availability of green hydrogen made from renewables.

• Banet, Catherine (2022). EØS-etterslepet i energisektoren: avtaleforpliktelser og juridiske konsekvenser. .
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Energy crisis in Europe: what is the EU doing? [Internett]. GreenFact. Vis sammendrag

  EU response to the energy crisis in Europe .

• Banet, Catherine (2022). EEA-EFTA perspective on European Environmental and Climate law.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). The enforcement nature of the EU Governance System of the Energy Union and Climate Action.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). CCS regulation: Taking stoke and looking ahead. Vis sammendrag

  The webinar will review the main advancements made in terms of facilitating carbon capture and storage (CCS) operations through legal frameworks, and look ahead at the remaining gaps in order to better integrate CCS operations into an increasingly integrated energy system.

• Banet, Catherine (2022). European regulation of hydrogen and carbon capture and storage.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Det regulatoriske rammeverket for vindkraftparker til havs i EU og Norden.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Fitting seaports in EU energy infrastructure legislation for delivering a low-carbon energy system.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). "From Repower EU to Save Gas for a Safe Winter: EU legal mechanisms to foster energy solidarity and resilience".
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Regjeringen varsler eksport-restriksjoner: Slik kan det gjøres. [Internett]. Europower. Vis sammendrag

  Regjeringen vil innføre eksport-restriksjoner som automatisk slår inn når magasinfyllingen er lav. Hvordan dette skal gjennomføres i praksis er foreløpig uklart.

• Banet, Catherine (2022). What Role will Hydrogen Play in the North Sea 2.0?
• Banet, Catherine (2022). EU forbereder seg på at Russland kan stanse alle gassleveransene til Europa: Foreslår storkutt i gassbruk. [Avis]. Klassekampen. Vis sammendrag

  Europakommisjonen foreslår historiske gasskutt. Det kan også påvirke Norge, sier jussprofessor.

• Banet, Catherine (2022). The meaning of resilience for energy, infrastructure and natural resources law.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Lokale gevinster fra vindkraftverk.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). The European Green Deal: barriers and opportunities for the EU-Norway cooperation. A legal perspective.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Interview: Professor Catherine Banet on the European Commission REpowerEU Plan. [Internett]. Centre on Regulation in Europe. Vis sammendrag

  On 18 May 2022, the European Commission published its REpowerEU Plan, aimed at intensifying the continent’s energy transition and diversification efforts in the face of the war in Ukraine. Professor Catherine Banet, CERRE Research Fellow and Professor at the University of Oslo, answers a few questions on some of the key aspects of this new package.

• Banet, Catherine & Fehr, Nils-Henrik Mørch vo (2022). Strømpriskrise i Europa og forslag til omregulering av kraftmarkedet: et kryssperspektiv mellom økonomi og juss.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Planning for Resilience: What can be legally done to mitigate disruptive environmental and other severe events and adjust to their impacts? Vis sammendrag

  The number of severe and sometimes catastrophic disruptive events has been rapidly increasing. Extreme weather events including floods, wildfires, hurricanes, and other natural disasters have become both more frequent and more severe, whilst events such as the COVID-19 pandemic represent a global threat to public health with huge economic effects that recovery packages tried to address. These disruptive events, alone and in combination, have dramatic consequences on nature, human life, and the economy, calling for urgent action to mitigate their causes and adapt to their impacts. Prof. Banet’s talk is based on a new book for which she is lead co-editor: Resilience in Energy Infrastructure and Natural Resources Law.

• Banet, Catherine (2022). Europos Komisija pristatė, kaip rengiasi atsisakyti rusiškos energijos – planas yra, bet ar nepritrūks laiko? (The European Commission has set out how it is preparing to abandon Russian energy - a plan is in place, but won't it run out of time?). [Internett]. LRT TV naujienų tarnyba, LRT.lt. Vis sammendrag

  The European Commission has unveiled a € 300 billion plan to phase out Russian energy resources in five years. Proposals include faster issuance of permits for the construction of solar and wind power plants, and joint purchases of natural gas. Experts believe that the biggest challenge in implementing the plan is the lack of time.

• Banet, Catherine (2022). Legal mechanisms to ensure energy solidarity: international and EU approaches, in the light of the war in Ukraine.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Energy Planning Requirements and Offshore Wind in Norway.
• Banet, Catherine (2022). Sp og Frp vil ha makspris på strøm - også for næringslivet. [Avis]. Nationen.
• Banet, Catherine (2021). Moving forward with Gas Decarbonisation. [Internett]. https://youtu.be/VBekv2BtySE. Vis sammendrag

  This online Eurogas Let’s Meet! event on ‘Moving forward with Gas Decarbonisation‘ addressed the EU legislative package on hydrogen and decarbonised gases published on 15 December 2021 that aims to ensure that the gas market framework is in line with the EU ambition to reach carbon neutrality by 2050.

• Banet, Catherine (2021). The EU legal framework for sustainable finance: assessing the impacts of the EU Taxonomy Regulation on energy projects within the EU and in third countries.
• Bruhn, Rikke & Banet, Catherine (2021). Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): Challenges and Opportunities, from a UiO perspective.
• Banet, Catherine (2021). Planleggingskrav for energisystemet og havvind (Planning requirements for the energy system and offshore wind).
• Banet, Catherine (2021). Local content requirements in the energy sector: rationale, legality and lessons from Norway.
• Banet, Catherine (2021). Hydrogen turning Europe into climate neutral economy, energy leaders highlight. [Fagblad]. Engineering News. Vis sammendrag

  Hydrogen has an essential role to play to meet the climate change imperative of carbon neutrality, a World Hydrogen Leaders panel highlighted week.

• Banet, Catherine (2021). Forberedt kommentar til rapporten "EUs grønne giv – implikasjoner for norsk europapolitikk".
• Banet, Catherine (2021). The Regulatory Landscape of Hydrogen in the Gas Grids.
• Banet, Catherine (2021). Regulering av karbonfangst, transport og lagring i norsk rett.
• Banet, Catherine & Goldberg, Silke (2024). Mapping of regulatory barriers to hybrid offshore wind projects from Norway to Europe, Deliverable D1.6. Green Platform Ocean Grid. Vis sammendrag

  This Report is a formal deliverable in the Green Platform project Ocean Grid (Deliverable D1.6). The subproject (SP) 1.3 is dedicated to the study of regulatory conditions to enable the vision supported by the Ocean Grid, that is the development of profitable offshore energy infrastructure and reduce risks and costs through knowledge-based analyses. The specific objective of SP1.3 is to contribute to the development of a Norwegian regulatory model for offshore wind and grid development with hybrids by 2030 and in the period beyond. SP1.3 is structured in two levels. The present Report D1.6 and the Risk Matrix cover Level 1 that is dedicated to the mapping of regulatory barriers and major systemic risks when delivering offshore wind projects and a meshed grid with hybrids.

• Banet, Catherine & Willems, Bert (2023). Scaling up Offshore Wind Energy in Europe. Centre on Regulation in Europe. Vis sammendrag

  This report analyses how EU regulatory action can help supporting the scaling up of offshore wind energy (ORE) in Europe. To achieve faster deployment of offshore wind generation capacity in the EU, rapid, targeted action is needed to accelerate the scale-up of ORE in generation, transmission/distribution, and market design in the EU and its Member States, or they will not be able to meet their climate commitments, increase their energy independence and deliver on industrial ambitions. The report identifies four key areas for targeted EU action to support scaling of offshore wind: 1. Planning: How can the development of offshore wind projects become part of an integrated plan for the Blue Economy (e.g., maritime/energy planning integration, in line with the National Energy and Climate Plans)? 2. Permitting: How to simplify and shorten permitting procedures for offshore wind generation and related infrastructures at the Member State level? 3. Cross-border projects: How can EU intervention spur the development of large, crossborder projects and related infrastructures (e.g., improved permitting, clustering) and support collaboration between EU Member States and neighbouring coastal states? 4. Mutual and local benefits, including coexistence: How to ensure co-existence between offshore activities such as energy production, shipping, aquaculture, tourism, defence, biodiversity protection (mutual benefits), and local benefits for developing offshore wind projects?

• Banet, Catherine; Baldursson, Fridrik M. & Chyong, Chi Kong (2023). Building Resilience in Europe’s Energy System. Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE). Vis sammendrag

  The focus of this paper is on the regulatory regime for gas and electricity operators. In particular, it looks into whether the regulation of operators’ investment strategy and operation practices needs to be reconsidered, taking resilience aspects into consideration.

• Banet, Catherine Marie Nicole (2023). Building Europe's Hydrogen and Renewable Gas Markets. Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE). Vis sammendrag

  On 15 December 2021, the European Commission put forward the Hydrogen and Decarbonised Gas Markets Package, designed to enable the decarbonisation of natural gas consumption by boosting the use of hydrogen and renewable gases within the European Union. Despite a common legislative framework, the European Commission proposal defines differentiated rules for hydrogen and methane gases. This raises the fundamental question of whether the EU legislator can achieve a level playing field between the different gases in one single legislative framework for the different gases. If one common set of rules is certainly desirable, the report questions what should be the common pillars of this new market design legislation for renewable and decarbonised gases. The author identifies grid regulation as the critical element for the short-term development of renewable and decarbonised gases, and analyses in detail the relevant provisions of the package, making recommendations for improvement.

• Banet, Catherine Marie Nicole (2022). Recommendations for a Future-Proof Electricity Market Design. Centre on Regulation in Europe. Vis sammendrag

  The report formulates more than 70 policy recommendations to shape a European electricity market that is resilient to shocks and supports the accelerated rollout of renewables over the next three decades. It emphasises the importance of distinguishing between short-term crisis management and long-term market reform initiatives. Wartime interventions should be proportionate, short-term and reversible, while sensible long-term reform proposals that support the energy transition may not help with the current crisis. Likewise, it is essential to distinguish between pure market design elements and complementary mechanisms aiming to address remaining market failures.

• Jevnaker, Torbjørg; Lindberg, Marie Byskov & Banet, Catherine (2022). Research Brief #4. Implementation and adjustment ahead: Enforcing, applying, and revising the TCMs during transition and crisis. Fridtjof Nansens Institutt.
• Pollitt, Michael; von der Fehr, Nils-Henrik Mørch; Banet, Catherine & Willems, Bert (2022). The European Wholesale Electricity Market: From Crisis to Net Zero. Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE). Vis sammendrag

  This report examines wholesale electricity market design and the proposed changes and interventions in light of Europe’s current energy crisis and carbon neutrality goals. While much of what the report discusses is motivated by the current crisis, any short-term action may have lasting repercussions, and we draw out some initial learnings on what this means for energy market regulation as Europe tries to move out of this crisis and towards Net Zero.

• von der Fehr, Nils-Henrik M.; Banet, Catherine; Le Coq, Chloé; Pollitt, Michael & Willems, Bert (2022). Retail Energy Markets under Stress: Lessons Learnt for the Future of Market Design. Centre on Regulation in Europe (CERRE). Vis sammendrag

  The report is part of a research project focused on both wholesale and retail European energy markets, with the aim to formulate policy recommendations for the future of market design. The paper aims to address and provide some initial answers to the below research questions: - How well have European retail electricity markets been coping with the current energy crisis? How have governments responded to increasing prices? - What short-term measures can governments take to soften the impact of high energy prices? - What long-term measures can governments take to protect consumers from high energy prices? - What should be the role of the EU vs. the Member States? - What legal constraints are imposed by EU directives and regulations? - Do we need to regulate the risk exposure of suppliers? What are the options for doing this? The authors provide a brief discussion on energy retailing, before presenting four country experiences: France, Norway, the Netherlands and Great Britain. Based on these experiences, the paper subsequently attempts to draw lessons and identify challenges and opportunities for retail markets going forward.

• Banet, Catherine; Sørensen, Astrid; Bjørndal, Mette Helene; Fuhrman, Jay; Hessen, Dag Olav & Sebastian, Hole Markus [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Negative emissions and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) including ocean scenarios: Drivers, uncertainties, and deployment potential. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. Vis sammendrag

  Negative emissions and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) at scale is required to offset hard to reduce emission streams and remove historic emissions from the atmosphere. CDR relies on and intervenes with the basics of earth systems such as the ocean, land, soil, and the atmosphere. This implies that CDR will need to be developed on terms that are acceptable to the natural systems which our human systems rely on. This report offers an introduction to three CDR solutions: seaweed farming, BECCS and direct air capture (DAC).

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